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CNS - Lucocq > Repairing Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Repairing Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

2 Main Cell Types of Nervous Tissue

A 
Neurons
Support cells (Neuroglia)
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2
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

Taking & Integrating info from int. & ext. milieu (environment)

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3
Q

Main function of PNS

A

Receiving info

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4
Q

Main function of CNS

A

Integrating, analysing & responding

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5
Q

What do the meninges protect?

A

Brain
Spinal Cord
Blood vessels of both

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6
Q

What is a neuron?

A

Structural & functional unit of nervous system

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7
Q

Draw a neuron

A

See diagrams

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron?

Draw them.

A

Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar

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9
Q

What is gray matter made of?

A

Cell bodies

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10
Q

What do axons of neurons make up?

A

White matter

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11
Q

Name for collection of cell bodies in PNS & CNS?

A 
PNS = Ganglia
CNS = Nuclei
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12
Q

Other name for Cell Body of neuron?

A

Perikaryon

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13
Q

Where do Action Potentials start in neurones?

A

Axon Hillock

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14
Q

What does Nissl substance stain?

Which parts of the neurones remain unstained?

A

Rough Endo Reticulum & Polyribosomes (used for protein synthesis)

Axons remain unstained (Perikaryon & Nucleolus stained)

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15
Q

What makes up Metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum & Pons

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16
Q

What is the myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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17
Q

How many layers of neocortex?

Name them.

A 
6
1 = Molecular
2 = Int Granular
3 = Int Pyramidal
4 = Ext Granular
5 = Ext Pyramidal
6 = Multiform
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18
Q

What are layers made of?

A

Neurons typical of that layer type

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19
Q

What’s found in layer 4?

A

Granule/Stellate neuron

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20
Q

Where are small & large pyramidal neurons found?

A 
Small = 3
Large = 5
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21
Q

How many layers in Cerebellar cortex? Name them.

A

3
1- Molecular
2- Purkinje
3- Granule

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22
Q

What cells are found in Molecular layer of Cerebellar Cortex?

A

Basket cells
Stellate cells
(Fibres of cells below -e.g Purkinje)

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23
Q

What is the role of Purkinje cells?

A

Receive aff. info from other parts of CNS

Assimilate info

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24
Q

What do Basket cells do?

A

Link Purkinje cell bodies

Allow lat. inhibition

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25
What's found in Granule Cell Layer?
Granule cells | Golgi cells
26
Most abundant neuron in brain?
Granule cells
27
Largest cell in cerebellum?
Purkinje
28
What type of neuron are Purkinje cells? Describe their appearance.
Multipolar Large pear-shaped body Extensive dendritic tree
29
Role of Neuroglia?
Metabolism & structural support of neurones
30
CNS Neuroglia?
Astrocytes Ependymal Cells Oligodendroglia Microglia
31
PNS Neuroglia?
Schwann cells | Satellite cells
32
Different types of Astrocyte
Muller Glia (Retina) Fibrous (White matter) Protoplasmic (Gray) Radial Glia (Specialised - developing CNS)
33
What is Blood-Brain barrier made of?
Endothelial Cells Tight Junctions Astrocyte Foot Processes
34
Where do Astrocyte foot processes attach?
Blood vessels & along surface of CNS (For forming BBB)
35
What is role of BBB?
Prevent diffusion of solutes & fluid into brain & spinal cord (prevent infection etc)
36
What can cross BBB?
O2 CO2 Lipid-soluble molecules (hormones) <500Da MW molecules
37
What type of cell are Ependymals?
Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelial
38
Role of Ependymals?
Secrete & Reabsorb CSF
39
What is CSF?
Clear, cell-free fluid made in Choroid Plexus
40
Role of Microglia
CNS immune function Like Macrophage Phagocytose debris after injury
41
How do Microglia respond to injury
'Resident' 'Activated' with injury - migrate to site Release cytokines (help or hinder recovery)
42
Role of Oligodendrocytes?
Myelin sheath around CNS axons - One to many
43
Diseases affecting Oligo's?
MS | Leukodystrophies
44
Role of Schwann's?
PNS myelination One to one Organising connecive tissue sheaths around peripheral nerves in development & regen
45
Composition of Myelin?
80% lipid
46
Role of myelin?
Insulation | Provide fast conduction velocity for AP's (Saltatory Conduction)
47
Which Ganglia can envelope non-myelinated axons?
Schwann cells - can envelope 1 or more | CNS unmyelinated not ass. with glia
48
How is unmyelinated AP conduction compared to myelinated?
Continuous conduction due to passive current flow
49
Example of unmyelinated axons?
C fibres - detect itch, temp & pain
50
How are Dorsal Root Ganglia covered?
Individual ganglia covered by flattened satellite cells Dorsal Root Ganglia (+ cranial nerves) covered by connective tissue capsules continuous with dorsal root epi- & perineurium
51
What are Ganglia?
Collections of nerve cells outside the CNS
52
Describe structure of peripheral nerves
Nerve fibres surrounded by Endoneurium make a fascicle (Each fibre may be myelinated) Fascicle surrounded by perineurium Bundle of fascicles covered by epineurium
53
What cell bodies are in lateral horn?
Visceral Motor neurons
54
Where are Somatic motor neuron cell bodies?
Ventral horn
55
What's found in Dorsal horn?
Interneurons
56
What's in the white matter of spinal cord?
Asc. & Desc. tracts
57
Where are the Motor tracts?
Ventral columns
58
Where are sensory tracts?
Dorsal columns
59
What type of tracts are in lateral columns?
Mixed sensory & motor
60
Describe Motor Neuron Cell Bodies
``` Multipolar neurons Large Dorsal Horn Many Nissl bodies Pale-staining nuclei Prominent nucleolus ```
61
What nerves can & can't be repared?
Peripheral nerves can | CNS axons can't
62
What's the name given to the regeneration process of the PNS & CNS?
Wallerian Degeneration
63
What's involved in Wallerian Degeneration?
Removal of debris | Foundations laid down for regen/regrowth
64
Why doesn't Wallerian work in CNS?
Not efficient | Different cells, neurons & environment to PNS
65
Explain Wallerian in PNS
1. Injury - Distal Axon & myelin damaged 2. Schwann cells activate - proliferate & travel to injury site. Plus macrophages start phagocytosing debris 3. Schwann cells express growth factors & create Bands of Bungner - nerve fibres grow through these 4. Nerve fibres reconnect to end organs & Schwann cells re-myleinate
66
Explain Wallerian in CNS
1. Damage to distal axon & myelin - Astrocytes & Microglia activate. Microglia start phagocytosing. Inflammation. 2. Debris not cleared properly. Glial scar formed by astrocytes. 3. Regen fails as growth of axons impaired by glial scars & leftover myelin debris
67
Why do Glial scars form?
'Reactive' Astrocytes Hypertrophic Inhibitory molecules increase - Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans (CSPG) Normal molecules increase - GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein) Axons can't grow through wall of Scar & Debris
68
How can you tell repair has failed in CNS?
Axons grow but turn away from lesion | May show reactive 'end bulbs' (black splodges) - accumulation of organelles in end bulb
69
What do Oligodendrocytes contribute in CNS repair?
Myelin debris | Failure
70
Why don't PNS glia help out?
Clear boundary/wall between the 2 systems - shown by staining at Dorsal Root Entry Zone ('Glial Limiting Membrane')

CNS - Lucocq (6 decks)

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