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A level Biology - 2.1.3 Nucleotides > Replication > Flashcards

Replication Flashcards

1
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

During the S phase

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2
Q

What is formed by DNA replication?

A

Identical sister chromatids and they go into the 2new cells’ nuclei

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3
Q

What are the stages of replication?

A
  1. DNA double helix unwinds and unzips from one end of the chromosome
  2. Hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs to break to separate the two strands.
  3. ‘Free’ DNA nucleotides hydrogen bond by the base pairing rule onto the exposed complimentary bases of the original DNA on both strands.
  4. The sugar of one nucleotide and phosphate group of the next nucleotide are joined by phosphodiester bonds from a condensation reaction to form the sugar phosphate backbone
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4
Q

What is the enzyme involved in unzipping the DNA?

A

DNA helicase

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5
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the formation of the sugar phosphate backbone

A

DNA polymerase

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6
Q

What is attached to the 5’ end?

A

A phosphate group

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7
Q

What is attached to the 3’ end?

A

An OH group

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8
Q

What end does DNA polymerase bind to?

A

Only the OH on the 3’ end

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9
Q

What is the direction of DNA polymerase?

A

3’ to 5’

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10
Q

How does DNA polymerase work?

A

Both strands are copied at the same time and it travels in opposite directions of the 2 strands

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11
Q

What is the leading and lagging strands?

A

The 2 strands being copied in different directions

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12
Q

What are the 2 strands?

A

The leading and lagging strand

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13
Q

What is the leading strand?

A

The strand that is unzipped from the 3’ end

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of replication

A

Continuous and discontinuous

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15
Q

What kind of replication is on the leading strand?

A

Continuous

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16
Q

What is the lagging strand?

A

The strand unzipped from the 5’ end

17
Q

What type of replication is on the lagging strand?

A

Discontinuous

18
Q

How is the lagging strand made?

A

In short fragments known as Okazaki fragments

19
Q

How are Okazaki fragments joined together

A

By DNA ligase which seals up the sugar phosphate backbone between the fragments with the phosphodiester bond

20
Q

What type of replication is this?

A

Semi-conservative

21
Q

Why is DNA replication semi-conservative?

A

Each new DNA molecule consists of 1 old strand and 1 newly built strand

22
Q

What does DNA act as?

A

As a template for the new strand to be built against

23
Q

What are theories of replication?

A

Conservative, semi-conservative and dispersive

A level Biology - 2.1.3 Nucleotides (8 decks)

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