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A level Biology - 2.1.3 Nucleotides > Translation > Flashcards

Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A
  1. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome at the start codon (AUG) and then the large subunit attached.
  2. tRNA with complementary anticodon (UAC) brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to line up with the start codon
  3. Another tRNA brings the next amino acid which anticodon base pairs with the next codon on the mRNA.
  4. A peptide bond is formed between the 1st and 2nd amino acid, catalysed by the enzyme peptidyl transferase
  5. The ribosome moves along to cover the next codon and the 1st tRNA is released.
  6. The next tRNA attaches and the process repeats so that a sequence of amino acids in the correct order is formed - the polypeptide.
  7. When the ribosome reaches the last codon on the mRNA (the stop codon - UGA, UAA or UAG), the polypeptide is released (the stop codon binds to release factors which cause the ribosome to detach)
  8. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds by the ribosome, to give the primary structure of the protein which then folds into secondary, tertiary etc.
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2
Q

What enzyme catalyses the formation of peptide bonds?

A

Peptidyl transferase

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3
Q

Ho many different tRNAs are there?

A

20

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4
Q

How many amino acids can a tRNA pick up?

A

1 specific amino acid

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5
Q

What is the start amino acid?

A

Methionine

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6
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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7
Q

What do stop codons do?

A

The don’t put an amino acid in, they make the ribosome fall off

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8
Q

What kind of genetic code is on DNA?

A

It is degenerate

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9
Q

What does degenerate mean?

A

More than 1 codon can code for the same amino acd

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10
Q

What is a triplet codon?

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides and therefore 3 bases with each codon codes for a particular amino acid

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11
Q

How is DNA code structured?

A

It is non-overlapping

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12
Q

Why is DNA code non-overlapping?

A

The codons lie back-to-back along the gene and mRNA so they don’t overlap and each codon is transcribed and translated in tun, one by one, with no overlaps or gaps in between.

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of mutation?

A

Base insertion, base deletion and base substitution

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14
Q

What is base insertion?

A

A base is inserted

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15
Q

What is base deletion?

A

A base is deleted

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16
Q

What is base substitution?

A

A base is changed

17
Q

What do both base insertion and deletion cause?

A

A frame shift

18
Q

What is a frame shift?

A

Different amino acids are produced

19
Q

What does a ribosome have?

A

A binding site for both mRA and tRNA

20
Q

What is the importance of rRNA?

A

For stabilising the growing polypeptide chain and helps catalyse synthesis reaction when 2 amino acids join

21
Q

What does rRNA form?

A

Part of the catalytic area in the large subunit for the formation of the peptide bond

A level Biology - 2.1.3 Nucleotides (8 decks)

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