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Y2 Practice Qs > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of abnormal uterine bleeding?

A

Polyps
Adenomyosis
Leiomyoma (fibroids)
Malignancy and hyperplasia

Coagulopathy
Ovulatory dysfunction
Endometrial
Iatrogenic
Not yet classfied (eg DUB)
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2
Q

What gland supplies the majority of semen?

A

seminal vesicles

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3
Q

Where does final sperm maturation occur?

A

Epididymis

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4
Q

Origin of arterial supply to testes?

A

Abdominal aorta, inferior to SMA and superior to IMA

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5
Q

List the coverings of the spermatic cord from superficial to deep

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus
Transversalis fascia

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6
Q

Where do the VD and seminal vesicles both drain?

A

Internal and external iliac nodes

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7
Q

Where would you find first mets of testicular cancer?

A

Para aortic nodes

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8
Q

Other name for bulbourethral gland?

A

Cowper’s

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9
Q

Origin for arterial supply to ovaries?

A

AA, inferior to SMA and superior to IMA

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10
Q

Where do lymphatics of the body of the uterus drain?

A

Internal iliac

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11
Q

Lymph node drainage of ovaries?

A

Para-aortic (same as testes)

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12
Q

Lymph node drainage of lower 3rd of vagina?

A

Superficial inguinal

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13
Q

Which structure is the lateral fornix of the vagina most closely related to?

A

Ureter

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14
Q

Which ligament is a remnant of the gubernaculum?

A

Round ligament

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15
Q

Which ligament transmits blood vessels to the ovary?

A

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

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16
Q

Normal position of uterus?

A

Anteverted and anteflexed

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17
Q

What does the gubernaculum connect the developing testes to?

A

The scrotum

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18
Q

Pt presents with primary amenorrhea, external female genitalia and XY karyotype- diagnosis?

A

AIS- testes develop so biologically male but androgen receptors not working so look phenotypically female

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19
Q

What tissue do the gonads develop from?

A

Intermediate mesoderm in the abdomen

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20
Q

Which structure does the VD develop from?

A

Mesonephric duct

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21
Q

Which structure does the uterus develop from?

A

Paramesonephric duct

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22
Q

What are the only haploid cells?

A

gametes

23
Q

How do germ cells appear?

A

Separate group of cells three weeks after conception

24
Q

Which 2 muscles are part of the superficial perineal muscle group?

A

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus

25
Q

Symptom of middle compartment prolapse?

A

Sensation of something ‘coming down’

- uterine prolapse

26
Q

Symptoms of posterior compartment prolapse?

A

Faecal incontinence / constipation - rectocoele

27
Q

Symptoms of anterior compartment prolapse?

A

Incomplete bladder emptying and urinary frequency - cystocoele/urethrocoele

28
Q

What does oestrogen promote to aid movement of the oocyte?

A

Uterine tube secretions, motility and ciliary function

29
Q

Normal duration of the menstrual cycle?

A

21-35 days
14 day luteal phase
7-21 day follicular phase

30
Q

Pt is a 15 year old boy who is not as ‘well developed’ as his friends w/ low levels of GnRH and normal levels of LH and FSH - likely diagnosis?

A

Constitutional delay due to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism - normal puberty should eventually start
(hypothalamus / ant.pituitary pathology can also cause this picture but much rarer)

31
Q

Pt is a 15 year old boy who is not as ‘well developed’ as his friends w/ high levels of GnRH and high levels of LH and FSH - likely diagnosis?

A

gonadal defect - gonad is not responding by producing testosterone so no negative feedback

32
Q

Age for earliest sign of puberty in boys?

A

14

33
Q

Age for earliest sign of puberty in girls?

A

13

34
Q

What surpresses FSH in the mid follicular phase?

A

Rising inhibin levels

35
Q

Name for irregular periods?

A

Metrorrhagia

36
Q

Expected hormone and pH findings in menopausal women?

A

Decreased oestradiol (less follicles), elevated FSH (trying to stimulate follicles) , vaginal pH maintained below 4.5

37
Q

Most likely infective organism for vaginitis and thin grey fishy discharge?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis

38
Q

Normal vagina pH?

A

3.5-4.5

39
Q

Which organism can cause conjunctivitis in newborns?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

40
Q

Most common causes of PID?

A

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia

41
Q

Mechanism of progesterone implant?

A

Prevents ovulation

42
Q

Mechanism of progesterone only pill?

A

Thickening cervical mucus

43
Q

Commonest cause of female infertility AND irregular unpredictable upper GI bleeding ?

A

Anovulation

44
Q

Cause of primary (never been able to ovulate) and secondary (stopped being able to) anovulation?

A

primary- dysgenetic gonads, hypothyroidism

secondary- PCOS, pregnancy, stress

45
Q

Infertility and hx of PID- what investigation do you do?

A

Hysterosalpingogram to look for tubal patency

46
Q

Name for when a fertilised ovum invades the myometrium?

A

Placenta accreta

47
Q

Cause of heart rate accelerations in utero?

A

fetal movement

48
Q

Normal foetal pO2?

A

4kPa

49
Q 
Most common fundal height at :
A. 12 weeks 
B. 16 weeks 
C. 20 weeks
D. 36 weeks
A

A. pubic symphysis
B. midway between pubis and umbilicus
C. umbilicus
D. xiphisternum

50
Q

PPH with hx of pre-eclampsia, low Hb, platelets and fibrinogen and raised D-Dimer- diagnosis?

A

DIC

51
Q

What is responsible for a - milk ejection and b - milk secretion?

A

a- oxytocin b - prolactin

52
Q

Risk factors for endometrial cancer?

A

Hx of PCOS and increased years of menstruation - more shedding

53
Q

Most significant risk factor for development of germ cell tumours?

A

Cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

Y2 Practice Qs (8 decks)

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