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ECC > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition (age) of neonate

A

2-4 weeks (S&H says 2; MDR says 4)

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2
Q

What are the three fetal shunts? Which are intracardiac?

A

Foramen ovale (intracardiac)
Ductus arteriosus (extracardiac)
Ductus venosus (extracardiac)

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3
Q

What does the ductus venosus connect?

A

Umbilical vein to CVC

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4
Q

What hormone plays a role in keeping the ductus arteriosus patent?

A

PGE2

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5
Q

Where does most of the blood leaving the RV go in the fetus? Why

A

Shunted across ductus arteriosus because of high pulmonary pressures and low systemic resistance

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6
Q

What hormones maintain collapsed lungs and pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Endothelin
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Hypoxia (obvi not a hormone)

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7
Q

Which vessel involved in fetal circulation has the greatest oxygen content?

A

Umbilical vein (oxygenated blood from placenta)

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8
Q

Three key differences in renal physiology in the neonate

A

Decreased GFR
Altered tubular function
Decreased concentrating ability

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9
Q

Normal neonate body temp

A

95-98 F

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10
Q

Definition of pediatric (age)

A

2 weeks to 6 months

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11
Q

What side of the thorax is the thymus on

A

Left

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12
Q

Why is LRS the preferred fluid type in neonates?

A

Because lactate is the preferred metabolic fuel in the neonate with hypoglycemia

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13
Q

Do neonates have immature parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve fibers in the myocardium?

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

When does the shivering reflex develop?

A

6 days

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15
Q

Puppies should gain how much weight within the first 10 days of birth?

A

Double their weight

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16
Q

What is the normal mean blood pressure in a 1 month old dog

A

49 mm Hg

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17
Q

When can puppies concentrate their urine normally (age)?

A

10 weeks

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18
Q

The oral route of fluid and drug administration should be avoided during the first 72 hours because why?

A

Higher absorption due to increased GI permeability

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19
Q

What is the safest class of antimicrobials?

A

Beta lactams

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20
Q

Common bacterial isolates for neonatal sepsis

A

Staph
Strep
E coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Clostridium
Salmonella

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21
Q

When giving SQ serum to augment immunity, what is the dose?

A

2-4 ml/100g body weight

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22
Q

What is the major side effect of oxygen toxicity in neonates?

A

Permanent blindness due to retrolental fibroplasia

23
Q

Average neonatal mortality (%)?

A

15-25%

24
Q

Main causes of neonatal mortality (sentinel article)?

A

Respiratory distress after dystocia
Bacterial infection

25
Q

What are the five parameters of the modified Apgar score

A

Heart rate
Respiratory effort
Reflex irritability
Motility
Mucus color

26
Q

What does an Apgar score of 0-3 identify?

A

Severe distress

27
Q

What does an Apgar score of 4-6 identify?

A

Moderate distress

28
Q

What does an Apgar score of 8-10 identify?

A

No distress

29
Q

Apgar Score Theriogenology 2009 Veronesi et al
True/False: The type of delivery affected the rate of puppies born dead

A

False

30
Q

Apgar Score Theriogenology 2009 Veronesi et al
What puppy factors also correlated with poor Apgar scores?

A

Puppies that did not search for mammary glands
Puppies that did not have suckling and swallowing reflexes

31
Q

Two primary causes of fetal depression post dystocia/c-section

A

Hypoxia
Anesthetic agents

32
Q

What are the first 4 steps in neonatal resuscitation

A

Warming
Suction nose
Rub neonate
Reverse opioids if appropriate

33
Q

What are the sequential steps if the neonate is not breathing well/apneic?

A

First - tight fitting oxygen mask
If no change - intubate
If HR low - compressions and epi
If HR ok but breathing bad - consider acupuncture point and doxapram

34
Q

What is an appropriate environmental temp during neonatal resuscitation

A

90 F

35
Q

What is the name of the acupuncture point used to stimulate breathing in neonates

A

JenChung GV 26 or Renzhong

36
Q

What is the most likely cause of bradycardia during neonatal resuscitation?

A

Myocardial hypoxia (not vagal)

37
Q

Is naloxone recommended during neonatal resuscitation no matter what?

A

No. Only give if dam got opioids or else could decrease function of endogenous opioids in neonate

38
Q

Should you give atropine to neonates with bradycardia? Why or why not?

A

No (not if less than 14 days). Neonates do not have fully functioning sympathetic nervous system

39
Q

What parameter at birth is associated with higher neonatal mortality?

A

Low birth weight

40
Q

Describe the 3 stages of labor

A

1 - inapparent uterine contractions, dilation of cervix, nesting behavior, restless; 6-12 hours
2 - contractions, fetal expulsion; first puppy within 4 hr, subsequent puppies every 2 hr
3 - fetal membranes expelled; 10-15 min

41
Q

When is medical management of dystocia contraindicated?

A

Secondary uterine inertia (obstruction)

42
Q

List examples of maternal factors of dystocia

A

Small pelvic size
Primary or secondary uterine inertia
Malnutrition
Infection

43
Q

List examples of fetal causes of dystocia

A

Fetal monsters
Oversized fetus
Malposition/malposture
Fetal death

44
Q

What is secondary uterine inertia in layman’s terms?

A

Uterine fatigue

45
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?

A

Primary is defined as no signs of labor

Secondary is fatigue due to birth canal obstruction

46
Q

What are causes of primary uterine inertia

A

Small litters (inadequate stimulation)
Large litters (overstretched myometrium)
Hypocalcemia
Obesity
Infection
Uterine torsion
Trauma

47
Q

What two types of vulvar discharge are concerning for dystocia?

A

Green to black discharge prior to first fetus
Bloody discharge at any time

48
Q

Fetal heart rates below what # indicate that immediate help is meeded

A

140

49
Q

What factors indicate that medical treatment for dystocia is appropriate

A

Dam in good health
Cervix dilated
Fetal size appropriate
No fetal distress
No protracted labor

50
Q

How does oxytocin works?

A

Increases sodium permeability of uterine myofibrils causing myometrium to produce sustained contraction

51
Q

Surgical intervention is required in what % of dystocia cases?

A

60-80%

52
Q

True or False: OHE at the time of C-section decreases milk production

A

False

53
Q

Can gas inhalants cross the placenta?

A

Yes

54
Q

When is en bloc csection ideal?

A

Dam is spayed
Infection
Litter is dead
Dam is critical

ECC (7 decks)

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