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ACVECC Board Study > Repro > Flashcards

Repro Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition (age) of neonate

A

2-4 weeks (S&H says 2; MDR says 4)

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2
Q

What are the three fetal shunts? Which are intracardiac?

A

Foramen ovale (intracardiac)
Ductus arteriosus (extracardiac)
Ductus venosus (extracardiac)

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3
Q

What does the ductus venosus connect?

A

Umbilical vein to CVC

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4
Q

What hormone plays a role in keeping the ductus arteriosus patent?

A

PGE2

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5
Q

Where does most of the blood leaving the RV go in the fetus? Why

A

Shunted across ductus arteriosus because of high pulmonary pressures and low systemic resistance

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6
Q

What hormones maintain collapsed lungs and pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

Endothelin
Arachidonic acid metabolites
Hypoxia (obvi not a hormone)

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7
Q

Which vessel involved in fetal circulation has the greatest oxygen content?

A

Umbilical vein (oxygenated blood from placenta)

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8
Q

Three key differences in renal physiology in the neonate

A

Decreased GFR
Altered tubular function
Decreased concentrating ability

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9
Q

Normal neonate body temp

A

95-98 F

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10
Q

Definition of pediatric (age)

A

2 weeks to 6 months

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11
Q

What side of the thorax is the thymus on

A

Left

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12
Q

Why is LRS the preferred fluid type in neonates?

A

Because lactate is the preferred metabolic fuel in the neonate with hypoglycemia

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13
Q

Do neonates have immature parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve fibers in the myocardium?

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

When does the shivering reflex develop?

A

6 days

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15
Q

Puppies should gain how much weight within the first 10 days of birth?

A

Double their weight

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16
Q

What is the normal mean blood pressure in a 1 month old dog

A

49 mm Hg

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17
Q

When can puppies concentrate their urine normally (age)?

A

10 weeks

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18
Q

The oral route of fluid and drug administration should be avoided during the first 72 hours because why?

A

Higher absorption due to increased GI permeability

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19
Q

What is the safest class of antimicrobials?

A

Beta lactams

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20
Q

Common bacterial isolates for neonatal sepsis

A

Staph
Strep
E coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Clostridium
Salmonella

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21
Q

When giving SQ serum to augment immunity, what is the dose?

A

2-4 ml/100g body weight

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22
Q

What is the major side effect of oxygen toxicity in neonates?

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A

Permanent blindness due to retrolental fibroplasia

23
Q

Average neonatal mortality (%)?

24
Q

Main causes of neonatal mortality (sentinel article)?

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A

Respiratory distress after dystocia
Bacterial infection

25
What are the five parameters of the modified Apgar score
Heart rate Respiratory effort Reflex irritability Motility Mucus color
26
What does an Apgar score of 0-3 identify?
Severe distress
27
What does an Apgar score of 4-6 identify?
Moderate distress
28
What does an Apgar score of 8-10 identify?
No distress
29
Apgar Score Theriogenology 2009 Veronesi et al True/False: The type of delivery affected the rate of puppies born dead
False
30
Apgar Score Theriogenology 2009 Veronesi et al What puppy factors also correlated with poor Apgar scores?
Puppies that did not search for mammary glands Puppies that did not have suckling and swallowing reflexes
31
Two primary causes of fetal depression post dystocia/c-section
Hypoxia Anesthetic agents
32
What are the first 4 steps in neonatal resuscitation
Warming Suction nose Rub neonate Reverse opioids if appropriate
33
What are the sequential steps if the neonate is not breathing well/apneic?
First - tight fitting oxygen mask If no change - intubate If HR low - compressions and epi If HR ok but breathing bad - consider acupuncture point and doxapram
34
What is an appropriate environmental temp during neonatal resuscitation
90 F
35
What is the name of the acupuncture point used to stimulate breathing in neonates
JenChung GV 26 or Renzhong
36
What is the most likely cause of bradycardia during neonatal resuscitation?
Myocardial hypoxia (not vagal)
37
Is naloxone recommended during neonatal resuscitation no matter what?
No. Only give if dam got opioids or else could decrease function of endogenous opioids in neonate
38
Should you give atropine to neonates with bradycardia? Why or why not?
No (not if less than 14 days). Neonates do not have fully functioning sympathetic nervous system
39
What parameter at birth is associated with higher neonatal mortality?
Low birth weight
40
Describe the 3 stages of labor
1 - inapparent uterine contractions, dilation of cervix, nesting behavior, restless; 6-12 hours 2 - contractions, fetal expulsion; first puppy within 4 hr, subsequent puppies every 2 hr 3 - fetal membranes expelled; 10-15 min
41
When is medical management of dystocia contraindicated?
Secondary uterine inertia (obstruction)
42
List examples of maternal factors of dystocia
Small pelvic size Primary or secondary uterine inertia Malnutrition Infection
43
List examples of fetal causes of dystocia
Fetal monsters Oversized fetus Malposition/malposture Fetal death
44
What is secondary uterine inertia in layman’s terms?
Uterine fatigue
45
What is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia?
Primary is defined as no signs of labor Secondary is fatigue due to birth canal obstruction
46
What are causes of primary uterine inertia
Small litters (inadequate stimulation) Large litters (overstretched myometrium) Hypocalcemia Obesity Infection Uterine torsion Trauma
47
What two types of vulvar discharge are concerning for dystocia?
Green to black discharge prior to first fetus Bloody discharge at any time
48
Fetal heart rates below what # indicate that immediate help is meeded
140
49
What factors indicate that medical treatment for dystocia is appropriate
Dam in good health Cervix dilated Fetal size appropriate No fetal distress No protracted labor
50
How does oxytocin works?
Increases sodium permeability of uterine myofibrils causing myometrium to produce sustained contraction
51
Surgical intervention is required in what % of dystocia cases?
60-80%
52
True or False: OHE at the time of C-section decreases milk production
False
53
Can gas inhalants cross the placenta?
Yes
54
When is en bloc csection ideal?
Dam is spayed Infection Litter is dead Dam is critical

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