Repro Flashcards
(43 cards)
What is the normal temperature / HR / RR of a dog or cat neonate
35.2-37°C
200-250 bpm
30 brpm (15 brpm just after birth but increases over a couple of hours)
When is the hematocrit the lowest in puppies and kittens
Around 1 month (30% in puppies, 27% in kittens)
Differences in laboratory values in puppies and kittens
- Increased lactate
- Anemia
- Leukocytosis
- Increased ALP (more pronounced in puppies)
- Increased GGT in puppies
- Mild increased bilirubin
- Decreased BUN, creat, albumin, TP, cholesterol
- Increased Ca and P
- Isosthenuric urine
- Glucosuria
What is the normal MAP is a 1-month-old puppy
50 mmHg
What are the preferred IV fluids for neonates
LRS
What supplement can help manage refractory hypoglycemia in puppies / kittens
Carnitine (200-300 mg/kg q24)
What is the volume of a fluid bolus and maintenance rate in puppies and kittens
Bolus: 40-45 mL/kg (puppies) ; 25-30 mL/kg (kittens)
Maintenance: 80-100 mL/kg/day
What is the normal weight gain in puppies and kittens
- Puppies: double their weight within first 10 days of life, then gain 5-10% of weight per day for 8-12 weeks
- Kittens: double their weight within first 10 days of life, then gain 10-15g per day for 8-12 weeks
What is the safest antibiotic class in neonates? At what dose?
Beta-lactams
Dosing interval should be decreased to q12h
(decreased hepatic metabolism, decreased renal excretion, decreased volume of distribution due to lower fat and albumin)
What is the preferred vasopressor in neonates
Vasopressin
(sympathetic nervous system is still immature, response to catecholamines is unpredictable)
What is the duration of pregnancy in the bitch and the queen
Bitch: parturition is 57-72 days post-mating (63 +/- 1 days after ovulation)
Queen: parturition 52-74 days
Name risk factors of dystocia
- Brachycephalic and chondrodysplastic breeds (materno-fetal disproportion)
- Small litter (especially singleton pregnancy)
- Excessively large litter
- Age of the bitch
- Underlying metabolic diseases
What are indicators for clinical examination in a bitch / queen in parturition
- Signs of systemic illness
- Stage 1 labor extending beyond 12 h
- Abdominal contractions without puppies within 2h (or kittens within 1h) or forceful contractions and no fetus within 30min
- Stillborn fetuses passed
- Uteroverdin in discharge with no fetus passed within 2h
- Pregnancy over 72 days
- Drop in rectal temperature > 1°C around due date followed by rise again with no sign of labor
What are the 3 stages of labor and their duration
- Stage 1: 6-12h
Nesting behaviour, uterine contractions - Stage 2: 2-12h (up to 24 for queen)
Overt abdominal contractions and expulsion of fetuses - Stage 3: happens with stage 2
Expulsion of placentas + uterine involution
What is the best indicator of fetal distress
HR < 180 bpm on ultrasound
What is the medical management of dystocia? What are indications?
Oxytocin 0.5-2 IU SQ or IM and Ca gluconate
Only attempted if labor has not been prolonged, fetal size is normal, obstruction has been ruled out, cervix is dilated, and fetuses are not in distress
What is an adequate suture pattern for hysterotomy closure
Double layer:
- First layer simple continuous (without going through the muscle)
- Second layer continuous Cushing’s pattern
Use monofilament absorbable suture on a taper-point needle
What are the stages of eclampsia in dogs
- Stage I: anxiety, restlessness, facial pruritus, diarrhea, vomiting, PUPD
- Stage II: Ataxia, tremors, mydriasis, lack of interest in offspring
- Stage III: Muscle stiffness, hyperesthsia, panting, tachycardia, possible agression
- Stage IV: Tonic-clonic muscle spasms, laboured breathing, disorientation
- Stage V: Arrhythmias (VPCs), seizures, death
What is the dose of calcium supplementation recommended for eclampsia
5-15 mg/kg of elemental calcium -> 10% calcium gluconate 1-1.5 mL/kg for dogs and 2.5 mL/kg for cats
Can follow with CRI of 1-3 mg/kg/h elemental calcium
Then calcium carbonate 100 mg/kg per day during lactation
What are the parameters of the Apgar score? What score indicates distress of the neonate?
HR, resp effort, RR, reflex irritability, mobility, MM color
Distress (and decreased survival) when 6 or lower
Is atropine recommended in neonate CPR
No. (They don’t do vagally mediated bradycardia)
In which patients does neonatal isoerythrolysis happen
Type A kittens with a type B queen
What is the medical treatment for metritis
- Antibiotics (Clavamox is a good choice and is ok for puppies to keep nursing, TMS has less resistance but prevents nursing)
- Ecbolic agent: PGF-2alpha
How can antibiotics be selected based on milk pH for mastitis
- Acidic milk -> TMS
- Alkaline milk -> Clavamox / cephalosporins
