repro

Question 1

wheres oxytocin and ADH made and stored

Answer 1

made - hypothalamus
stored - posterior pituitary

Question 2

oxytocin

Answer 2

major effects on smooth muscle contraction

Question 3

posterior pituitary

Answer 3

hormones made in the hypothalamus, travel down nerve cells to the posterior pituitary, and are then released into the bloodstream when needed. (oxytocin and ADH)

Question 4

water soluble hormones

Answer 4

GnRH (hypothalamus)
follicle stimulating hormone (anterior)
luteinising hormone (anterior)
oxytocin (posterior)

Question 5

3 types of oestrogens

Answer 5

oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol

Question 6

wheres main site of oestrogen production

Answer 6

granulosa cells of growing follice

Question 7

which major steroidal hormone is associated with prep for pregnancy

Answer 7

progestagen of the corpus luteum

Question 8

whats SRY (sex determining region on Y chromosome)

Answer 8

pathway for testes to develop if not then will be female

Question 9

male differentiation

Answer 9

testosterone maintains wolffian duct. The duct then develops into epididymis, van deferens and seminal vesicles. Testis descends to scrotum later

Question 10

female differentiation

Answer 10

mullerian duct persists and develops to fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix and upper vagina

Question 11

what are endocrine changes during puberty

Answer 11

increase in plasma LH and increase in GnHR which occurs in early puberty at night

Question 12

menopause phases

Answer 12

pre, transition, post

Question 13

menopausal oestrogen production

Answer 13

1 year after menopause, ovary stopped making hormones. Production is mainly from stromal cells of adipose tissue and is oestrone

Question 14

3 functions of vagina

Answer 14

passage for elim of menstrual fluid
holds sperm befor passing onto uterus
forms lower portion of birth canal which fetus passes through during delivery

Question 15

uterus

Answer 15

pathway for sperm transport
mechanical. protection
endometrium has 2 divisions (stratum functionalis and basalis)

Question 16

fallopian tubes

Answer 16

fertilisation occurs in ampulla
tubes contain environment with lipids and glycogen for sperm, egg and embryo

Question 17

ovaries

Answer 17

has 3 regions.
outer cortex containing follicles
central medulla consisting of stroma and steroid producing cells
inner hilum which is entry for nerves and blood vessels

Question 18

primordial follicle

Answer 18

represents initial stage of oocyte surrounded by flat follicular cells

Question 19

primary follicle

Answer 19

as follicles grow add layer of granulosa around oocyte

Question 20

secondary follicle

Answer 20

as granulosa cells increase rapidly in number they produce fluid that forms a singular cavity

Question 21

mature follicle

Answer 21

oocyte becomes suspended in fluid

Question 22

ovulation

Answer 22

when follicle is increasing in size but then it ruptures and carries oocyte out into uterine tube

Question 23

fertilisation

Answer 23

if oocyte is fertilised the copus leuteum persists due to hormone produced by chorion of embryo

Question 24

copus luteum

Answer 24

breaks down and granulosa forms lutein cells

Question 25

whats role of follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 25

acts on testes/ovaries to stimulate gamete production

Question 26

What is the role of luteinising hormone?

Answer 26

Acts on the testes to promote the synthesis of testosterone. Acts on the ovaries to trigger ovulation and promote the sythesis and release of ovarian hormones

Question 27

whats follicular and luteal phase

Answer 27

follicular (day 1 - ovulation) luteal (ovulation - menstruation)

Question 28

what are Seminiferous tubules

Answer 28

tubes in testes where spermatogenesis occurs

Question 29

whats sertoli cells

Answer 29

inside seminiferous tubules and help for development of spermatids. Phagocytes debris from spermatid, produces inhibin for feedback loop, produces AMH

Question 30

whats leydig cells

Answer 30

located in the interstitial tissue of the testes, situated between the seminiferous tubules. Produces testosterone

Question 31

where do mitotic divisions of spermatogonia occur

Answer 31

in basal compartment of seminiferous tubules. 1 daughter cell remains undifferentiated to maintain stem cell population.

Question 32

where does mitosis divisions of spermatogonia occur

Answer 32

in adluminal compartment of seminiferous tubules. They are called primary spermatocytes here.

Question 33

meiosis phases

Answer 33

primary spermatocytes (46 chromosomes) > secondary spermatocytes (23 chromosomes) > 4 spermatids (23 chromosomes)

Question 34

whats spermiogenosis

Answer 34

where round spermatids change shape to become spermatoza. Moves into lumen of tubules

Question 35

anatomy of sperm

Answer 35

head - has DNA and covered in acrosome which is enzyme to penetrate zona pellucida mid piece - has mitochondria for energy excess is phagocytosed by sertoli cells

Question 36

what produces GnHR

Answer 36

kisspeptin

Question 37

what traps testosterone to act on sertoli cells to make sperm

Answer 37

small amount of androgen-binding protein in tubules

Question 38

feedback loop to lessen DHT

Answer 38

too much testosterone acts on GnRH to stop production or inhibin

Question 39

3 male infertility ways

Answer 39

oligospermia - less sperm count azoospermia - no sperm in ejaculatio immotile - sperm cant swim

Question 40

whats IVF

Answer 40

oocytes are harvested and fertilised ex vivo. needs 50,000 motile sperm

Question 41

whats ICSI

Answer 41

single sperm is injected into oocye

Question 42

when sperm moves into epididymis what functions does it gain

Answer 42

ability to swim and fertilise

Question 43

after sperm shed off sertoli cells and go into lumen what is its path out

Answer 43

testis > epididymis > vas deferens > ejaculatory duct

Question 44

where can sperm be stored

Answer 44

was deferens

Question 45

what is it called when testes don't descend into the scrotum

Answer 45

cryptorchidism

Question 46

what are seminal vesicles

Answer 46

secretory glands that secrete mucoid substance that contains (alkaline, fructose for energy, clotting proteins, prostaglandins)

Question 47

what is prostate

Answer 47

makes a significant portion of semen. Its alkali to combat acidic environment of the vagina. contains citrate (ATP), phosphate and calcium, other enzymes for sperm motility

Question 48

what does semen consist of

Answer 48

10% sperm, 60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic fluid, some other

Question 49

benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 49

non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that commonly occurs as men age. Grows inward obstructing urethra

Question 50

treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 50

selective 5 a-reductase inhibitors (finasteride, dutasteride) stops the enlargement or shrinks it but requires long term therapy, surgery

Question 51

whats the main erectile tissues of penis

Answer 51

corpora cavernosa

Question 52

what surrounds penile urethra and prevents obstruction during erection

Answer 52

corpus spongiosum

Question 53

what conducts semen and urine

Answer 53

penile urethra

Question 54

what happens to penis during erection

Answer 54

release of NO and prostaglandin E1 causes smooth muslce (corpora cavernosa) to relax and blood fills causing enlargement

Question 55

how does viagra work

Answer 55

relaxation of smooth muscle in corpora cavernosa needs cGMP so viagra inhibits phosphodiesterase to inc levels of GMP

Question 56

what is process of ejeculation

Answer 56

first prostatic fluid, sperm, seminal vesicle fluid

Question 57

what does 5 a-reductase do

Answer 57

turn testosterone into dihydotestosterone (2x more potent)