Repro Embryo

Question 1

1st aortic arch

Answer 1

maxillary artery (**1st ** arch is maxillary)

Question 2

2nd aortic arch

Answer 2

Stapedial artery and hyoid artery (Second=Stapedial)

Question 3

3rd aortic arch

Answer 3

Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid artery (C is the 3rd letter in the alphabet)

Question 4

4th aortic arch

Answer 4

onleft, aortic arch; on right, proximal part of the subclavian artery (4th arch, **4 **limbs = systemic)

Question 5

6th aoritc arch

Answer 5

on left the proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

Question 6

What arteries does the recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?

Answer 6

Left= aortic arch, Right=right subclavian artery

Question 7

What are the branchial clefts, arches and pouches derived from?

Answer 7

**CAP **from outside to inside

Clefts= ectoderm

Arches= mesoderm

Pouches= endoderm

Question 8

Mneumonic for the branchial arch derivates

Answer 8

When at the restuarnat of the golden arches, children tend to first chew (1), then **smile **(2), then swallow stylishly (3) or **simple swallow ** (4), then **speak **(6)

Question 9

1st branchial arch derivatives

Answer 9

M’s. Meckel cartilage: mandile, malleus, incus, sphenoMandiular ligament. Muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini). CN V2 and V3 (aka chew).

Question 10

Treacher Collins Syndrome

Answer 10

1st arch neural crest fails to migrate: mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

Question 11

2nd branchial arch

Answer 11

S’s. Reichert cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament. Muscles of facial expression, Stapedius, Stylohyoid, platySma, belly of digastric. CNVII (facial expression aka smile)

Question 12

Congenital pharyngocutaneous fistula

Answer 12

persistence of cleft and pouch leads to fistula between tonsillar area and lateral neck

Question 13

3rd branchial arch

Answer 13

cartilage: greater horn of hyoid. Stylopharyngeus. CN IX (swallow stylishly)

Question 14

4th-6th branchial arch derivatives

Answer 14

cartilage: thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids, corniculate, cuneiform. Pharyngeal constrictors and laryngeal exceptr cricothyroid. simple swallow CNX (superior laryngeal branch) **speak **(recurrent laryneal branch)

Question 15

Mneumonic to remember the branchial pouches

Answer 15

Ear, tonsils, bottom-to-top:

1 (ear)

2 (tonsils)

3 ventral (**bottom **for inferior parathyroids)

4 (top=superior parathyroids)

Question 16

Cleft lip

Answer 16

failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of primary palate)

Question 17

Cleft palate

Answer 17

failure of fusion of the two laterla palatine processes or failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with the nasal septume and or median palatine process (formation of secondary palate)

Question 18

What does the mesonephric duct develop into?

Answer 18

SEED (Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens), NOT prostate

Question 19

Bicornuate uterus

Answer 19

heart shaped uterus due to incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts. Can lead to anatomic defects leading to recurrent miscarriages

Question 20

What is the mutation in MEN2A

Answer 20

mutation in germline ret neural crest cells

Question 21

What do sertoli cells secrete?

Answer 21

anti-mullerian hormone which causes the degeneration of the paramesophric ducts

Question 22

What do leydig cells secrete?

Answer 22

adnreogens that stimulates the development of mesonephric ducts

Question 23

Genital tubercle in male

Answer 23

glans penis, corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

Question 24

Genital tubercle in female

Answer 24

Glans clitoris and vestibular bulbs

Question 25

Uorgeital sinus in male

Answer 25

bulbourethral glands or Cowper, prostate gland

Question 26

Urogenital sinus in female

Answer 26

greater vestibular glands of Bartholin, and urethral and paraurethral glands of Skene

Question 27

What develops from urogenital folds in male

Answer 27

ventral shaft of penis and penile urethra

Question 28

Urogenital folds in females

Answer 28

Labia minora

Question 29

labioscrotal swelling in males vs females

Answer 29

scrotum and labia majora

Question 30

Testosterone causes maturation of?

Answer 30

wolfiian duct to male internal genitalia

Question 31

DHT causes maturation of?

Answer 31

genital tubercle and urogenital sinus to male external genitalia and prostate

Question 32

lymphatic drainage of ovaries/testis?

Answer 32

para-aortic lymph nodes

Question 33

lymphatic drainage of distal vagina/vulva/scrotum?

Answer 33

superficial inguinal nodes

Question 34

lymphatic drainage of proximal vagina/uterus

Answer 34

obturator external iliac and hypogastric nodes

Question 35

What vessels are often cut during oophorectomy and what complication can occur?

Answer 35

Need to ligate ovarian vessels to avoid bleeding. Ureter is located retroperitoneal near the ovarian vessels, be careful not to cut.

Question 36

During hysterectomy, what can you accidentally ligate?

Answer 36

ureter

Question 37

What does the gubernaculum form?

Answer 37

the Round ligament and ovarian ligament. No blood vessels, so not the end of the world if you cut it.

Question 38

What nerve causes an erection?

Answer 38

parasympathetics of the pelvic nerve

Question 39

What nerve causes emission?

Answer 39

Sympathetics of the hypogastric nerve

Question 40

What causes Ejaculation?

Answer 40

visceral and somatic nerves of the pudendal nerve