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Repro-Endo Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is leuprolide?

A

Synthetic GnRH agonist that can be used to downregulate GnRH receptors to decrease secretion of FSH and LH if used continuously Treats prostate cancer, precocious puberty, endometriosis, metastatic breast cancer (premenopausal)

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2
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contraction of myoepithelium of uterine smooth muscle and mammary alveoli Used to induce labor and eject milk

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3
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Binds to V2 receptors in collecting tubules, increases traslocation of AQP2, and increases water resorption Binds to V1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle causing constriction Treats central diabetes insipidus, cardiac arrest, bleeding of esophageal varices

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4
Q

What is insulin lispro?

A

Rapid-acting insulin Post-prandial glucose control for T1DM, T2DM, GDM

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5
Q

What is insulin aspart?

A

Rapid-acting insulin Post-prandial glucose control for T1DM, T2DM, GDM

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6
Q

What is insulin glulisine?

A

Rapid-acting insulin Post-prandial glucose control for T1DM, T2DM, GDM

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7
Q

What is NPH insulin/insulin isophane?

A

Intermediate-acting insulin Glucose control for T1DM, T2DM, GDM

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8
Q

What is insulin glargine?

A

Long-acting insulin Precipitates at injection site due to low pH –> extended release (no peak) Basal glucose control for T1DM, T2DM, GDM

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9
Q

What is insulin detemir?

A

Long-acting insulin Fatty acid side chain enhances association to albumin Basal glucose control for T1DM, T2DM, GDM

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10
Q

What is pramlintide?

A

Amylin analog that delays gastric empyting, decreases postprandial glucagon secretion, and improves satiety Treats T1DM and T2DM Used with rapid-acting insulin

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11
Q

What is exenatide?

A

GLP-1 analog that increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety Treats T2DM May cause weight loss, pancreatitis

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12
Q

What is liraglutide?

A

GLP-1 analog that increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety Treats T2DM May cause weight loss, pancreatitis

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13
Q

What is glyburide?

A

Sulfonylureas block ATP-sensitive K+ channels –> cell depolarization and calcium influx –> insulin secretion Treats T2DM May cause hypoglycemia

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14
Q

What is glipizide?

A

ATP-sensitive K+ channels –> cell depolarization and calcium influx –> insulin secretion Treats T2DM May cause hypoglycemia

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15
Q

What is glimepiride?

A

ATP-sensitive K+ channels –> cell depolarization and calcium influx –> insulin secretion Treats T2DM May cause hypoglycemia

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16
Q

What is repaglinide?

A

Drugs that works similar to sulfonylureas

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17
Q

What is metformin?

A

A biguanide that reduces hepatic glucoeogenesis and improves peripheral glucose uptake and utilization Treats T2DM and polycystic ovarian syndrome May cause lactic acidosis (contraindicated in renal failure)

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18
Q

What is pioglitazone?

A

Thiazolidinedione that activates the PPARγ receptor which increases insulin sensitivity Treats T2DM and polycystic ovarian syndrome May cause weight gain via fluid retention and heart failure

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19
Q

What is rosiglitazone?

A

Thiazolidinedione that activates the PPARγ receptor which increases insulin sensitivity Treats T2DM and polycystic ovarian syndrome May cause weight gain via fluid retention and heart failure

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20
Q

What is acarbose?

A

An α-glucosidase inhibitors which prevents breakdown of carbs and absorption of glucose Treats T2DM

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21
Q

What is miglitol?

A

An α-glucosidase inhibitors which prevents breakdown of carbs and absorption of glucose Treats T2DM

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22
Q

What is alogliptin?

A

DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections

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23
Q

What is linagliptin?

A

DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections

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24
Q

What is saxagliptin?

A

DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections

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25
What is sitagliptin?
DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections
26
What is canagliflozin?
SGLT2 inhibitor decreases resorption of glucose and sodium in the kidney May cause hypotension, UTIs, genital mycotic infections
27
What is dapagliflozin?
SGLT2 inhibitor decreases resorption of glucose and sodium in the kidney May cause hypotension, UTIs, genital mycotic infections
28
What is hydrocortisone?
Cortisol analog Used to treat adrenal insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia Side effects include glaucoma, osteoporosis, infection
29
What is fludrocortisone?
Corticosteroid with mineralcorticoid activity
30
What is ketoconazole?
P450 inhibitor prevents gonadal and adrenal steroid hormone synthesis Treats Cushing syndrome and prostate cancer
31
What is spironolactone?
Mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist Treats HTN, hyperaldosteronism, heart failure, hirsuitism in women
32
What is alendronate?
Bisphosphonate Treats osteoporosis, Paget disease Associated with esophageal irritation
33
What is teriparatide?
PTH fragment that stimulates bone growth Treats osteoporosis
34
What is denosumab?
Anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody downregulates osteoclasts Treats osteoporosis
35
Which cell in spermatogenesis is the first to become haploid?
Secondary spermatocytes
36
Where does sperm mature and become motile?
Epididymis Sperm don't become activated until they reach the vagina
37
During which phase of meiosis does cross-over occur?
Prophase I
38
Which bacteria cause meningitis in newborns?
Group B streptoccoci Escherichia coli Listeria monocytogenes
39
Which bacteria cause meningitis in infants?
Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenzae Streptococcus pneumoniae
40
What CSF findings are consistent with bacterial meningitis?
Gram stain findings Antigen findings High PMN cell count High protein Low glucose
41
Group B Streptococci
Gram + cocci Catalase - Beta-hemolytic CAMP test + Bacitracin resistant Common cause of meningitis, bacteremia in newborns
42
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram + rod Catalase + CAMP test + Beta-hemolytic Listerolysin O, ActA Cause of meningitis, bacteremia in newborns Can grow in the cold
43
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gram - coccus or rod Obligate intracellular pathogen (elementary bodies [infective part] and reticulate bodies) Serovars D-K cause STIs: cervicitis, urethritis with a clear discharge, neonatal conjunctivitis (unilateral) Serovars L1-L3 cause lymphogranuloma venereum --\> tender regional lymphadenopathy Diagnose with nucleic acid amplification test Treat with azithromycin, doxycycline, tetracycline
44
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Enveloped, dsDNA virus Infects mucosa epithelial cells Causes vesicles or ulcers on mouth, genitals Can cause congenital herpes Treat with acyclovir, ganciclovir
45
Candida (C. albicans)
Dimorphic fungus Can cause yeast infections in women --\> thick white discharge Treat with OTC azole-based ointments or oral fluconazole
46
Neisseria gonorrheae
Gram - diplococci Oxidase + No capsule Causes urethritis, vulvovaginitis (girls, postmenopause), cervicitis (premenopause) with mucupurulent discharge, disseminated disease, neonatal conjunctivitis (bilateral) Diagnose with gram stain or culture (chocolate agar + CO2) Treat with ceftriazone + azithromycin No vaccine due to antigenic variation of the pili
47
Mycoplasma genitalium
No cell wall Causes urethritis
48
Mycoplasma hominis
No cell wall Causes endometritis, salpingitis, PID
49
Ureaplasma urealyticum
No cell wall Causes urethritis
50
Haemophilus ducreyi
Gram - coccobacillus Caused painful ulcers (chancroid) and possibly inguinal lymphadenopathy Culture with enriched agar (factors X and V + CO2)
51
Treponema pallidum
Spirochete Causes syphilis (painless ulcers, patches, rashes, disseminated), congenital syphilis (including tooth deformities) Diagnose with darkfield microscopy, nontreponemal and treponemal serology tests Treat with penicillin G
52
Gardnerella vaginalis
Gram variable rod β-hemolytic Elevated in bacterial vaginosis --\> thin, grayish/white discharge, erythematous vaginal tissue, and fishy odor Diagnose with elevated pH (\>4.5), Whiff test, clue cells Treat with metronidazole
53
Trichomonas vaginalis
Flagellated protozoan Causes trichomoniasis --\> copious yellow/green, frothy discharge, odor Treat with metronidazole
54
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Non-enveloped, dsDNA virus HPV 6, 11 cause condylomata acuminata HPV 16, 18, 31 cause cancer of the cervix, penis, anus; virus expresses E6 and E7 which inactivates p53 and Rb, respectively, stimulating cell growth
55
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Retrovirus, +ssRNA Viral gp120 targets CD4 and CCR5 receptors on CD4+ T cells Diagnose with Western blot
56
Toxoplasma gondii
Obligate intracellular protozoan parasite May cause TORCH congenital infection: hydrocephalus, scattered intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis Diagnose by culture, serology Treat with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine
57
Rubella
Enveloped, ssRNA virus May cause TORCH congenital infection: cataracts, bone lesions, congenital heart disease, sensorineural hearing loss Diagnose with nasal culture
58
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Enveloped, dsDNA virus May cause TORCH congenital infection: periventricular calcifications, sensorineural hearing loss Diagnose with nasal culture Treat with ganciclovir
59
Escherichia coli K1
Gram - rod Lactose fermenter Sialic acid capsule Can cause meningitis, bacterimia in newborns
60
17α-ethinyl estradiol
Orally active estrogen Used for contraception, hypogonadism Increased risk of thrombosis, endometrial cancer, breast cancer Contraindicated in patients with a hx of DVT, ER+ breast cancer
61
Mestranol
Orally active estrogen Used for contraception, hypogonadism Increased risk of thrombosis, endometrial cancer, breast cancer Contraindicated in patients with a hx of DVT, ER+ breast cancer
62
Equilenin
Equine estrogen conjugated with SO4 to prevent first pass metabolism Used for contraception, hypogonadism Increased risk of thrombosis, endometrial cancer, breast cancer
63
Equilin
Equine estrogen conjugated with SO4 to prevent first pass metabolism Used for contraception, hypogonadism Increased risk of thrombosis, endometrial cancer, breast cancer
64
Tamoxifen
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) Antagonist in breast, hypothalamus Agonist in endometrium, bone, liver Used to prevent, treat, and prevent recurrence in breast cancer Increased risk of endometrial cancer, thromboembolism Must by hydrozylated by CYP2D6 in liver --\> can't use with SSRIs May stop working after 5 years
65
Raloxifene
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) Antagonist in breast, endometrium, hypothalamus Agonist in bone, liver Treats postmenopausal osteoporosis, prevents breast cancer Increased risk of thromboembolism, nausea, vomiting
66
Ospemifene
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) Antagonist in breast, hypothalamus Agonist on vaginal epithelium, bone, endometrium
67
Clomiphene citrate
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) Antagonist in hypothalamus and pituitary --\> blockage of estrogen negative feedback induces FSH and LH release --\> ovulation Treats infertility due to anovulation
68
Fulvestrant
Pure estrogen receptor antagonist Prevent dimerization of ER, promotes ER degradation, prevents transcription of estrogen-sensitive genes Treats ER+ metastatic breast cancer
69
Aminoglutethimide
Inhibits P450 enzyme that converts cholesterol to pregnenolone and aromatase Reduced production of all steroids Treats metastatic breast cancer (postmenopause) and Cushing syndrome
70
Letrozole
Selective aromatase inhibitor Treats breast cancer (postmenopause)
71
Anastrozole
Selective aromatase inhibitor Treats breast cancer (postmenopause)
72
Exemestane
Selective aromatase inhibitor Treats breast cancer (postmenopause)
73
Megestrol
Progesterone analog decreases adrenal steroid synthesis and estrogen receptor levels Treats advanced breast cancer Increases appetite
74
Medroxyprogesterone
Progesterone analog decreases adrenal steroid synthesis and estrogen receptor levels Treats advanced breast cancer Increases appetite
75
Mifepristone (RU-486)
Progesterone and glucocorticoid antagonist Treats BRCA1 breast cancer
76
Goserelin
Synthetic GnRH agonist that can be used to downregulate GnRH receptors to decrease secretion of FSH and LH if used continuously Treats prostate cancer, precocious puberty, endometriosis, metastatic breast cancer (premenopausal)
77
Trastuzumab
Monoclonal antibody against HER2 HER2+ breast cancer May cause cardiomyopathy, especially if given with anthracylines (daunorubicin, doxorubicin)
78
Pertuzumab
Monoclonal antibody that prevents HER2 dimerization HER2+ metastatic breast cancer
79
Lapatinib
Monoclonal antibody against HER2 and EGFR HER2+ breast cancer that has progressed with trastuzumab
80
What are Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
1. Sensorimotor (birth - 2 yrs) 2. Preoperational (2-7 yrs) 3. Concrete operational (7-12 yrs) 4. Formal operational (12+ yrs)
81
What are Sigmund Freud's stages of development?
1. Oral (birth-1.5 yrs) 2. Anal (1.5-3 yrs) 3. Phallic (3-6 yrs) 4. Latency (6-12 yrs) 5. Genital (12+ yrs)
82
What are Margaret Mahler's stages of development?
1. Normal autistic (birth-1 month) 2. Normal symbiotic (1-3 months) 3. Differentiation (4-10 months) 4. Early practicing (10-12 months) 5. Practicing (12-18 months) 6. Rapprochement (18-24 months)
83
What are Erik Eriksons' Eight Stages of Man?
1. Trust v Mistrust 2. Autonomy v Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative v Guilt 4. Industry v Inferiority 5. Identity v Role Confusion 6. Intimacy v Isolation 7. Generativity v Stagnation 8. Integrity v Despair
84
What are Kohlberg's 6 stages of moral development?
1. Punishment-Obedience 2. Personal reward 3. Good boy/Nice girl 4. Law and Order 5. Social contract 6. Universal ethical principle
85
Name two physical teratogens?
Hyperthermia --\> NTDs, facial, cardiac, limb defects X-rays --\> microcephaly, spina bifida, cleft palate limb defects
86
Name some pharmacologic teratogens?
Thalidomide --\> limb defects Amphetamines --\> cleft lip and palate, heart defects Cocaine Lead Alcohol Retinoic acid --\> brain, heart, ear, thymus abnormalities Statins

Repro-Endo (2 decks)

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