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Repro-Endo Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What hormones are secreted from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH and oxytocin

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2
Q

What hormones are secreted from the anterior pituitary?

A

Prolactin, growth hormone, FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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3
Q

What hormones are secreted from the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus secretes peptide hormones TRH, GnRH, somatostatin, GHRH, dopamine, and CRH

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4
Q

What is somatropin?

A

Synthetic GH analogue

Treats GH deficiency, growth failure, Turner syndrome, hypopituitary dwarfism

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5
Q

What is octreotide?

A

Synthetic analogue of somatostatin
Inhibits GH, TSH, insulin, glucagon, and gastrin
Treats acromegaly, carcinoid and bleeding esophageal varices

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6
Q

What is lanreotide?

A

Synthetic analogue of somatostatin
Inhibits GH, TSH, insulin, glucagon, and gastrin
Treats acromegaly, carcinoid, and bleeding esophageal varices

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7
Q

What is pegvisomat?

A

GH receptor antagonist

Treats refractive acromegaly

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8
Q

What is leuprolide?

A

Synthetic GnRH agonist that can be used to downregulate GnRH receptors to decrease secretion of FSH and LH
Treats prostate cancer, precocious puberty

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9
Q

What is bromocriptine?

A

D2 (dopamine) receptor agonist that inhibits release of prolactin
Treats hyperprolactinemia, pituitary microadenomas, acromegaly (somatotrophs may revert to progenitor-like cell with D2 receptor) and T2DM
May cause nausea, orthostatic hypotension

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10
Q

What is cabergoline?

A

D2 (dopamine) receptor agonist that inhibits release of prolactin
Treats hyperprolactinemia, pituitary microadenomas, and T2DM
May cause nausea, orthostatic hypotension, valvular heart disease

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11
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Stimulates contraction of myoepithelium of uterine smooth muscle and mammary alveoli
Used to induce labor and eject milk

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12
Q

What is vasopressin?

A

Binds to V2 receptors in collecting tubules, increases traslocation of AQP2, and increases water resorption
Binds to V1 receptors in vascular smooth muscle causing constriction
Treats central diabetes insipidus, cardiac arrest, bleeding of esophageal varices

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13
Q

What is desmopressin?

A

Binds to V2 receptors in collecting tubules, increases traslocation of AQP2, and increases water resorption
Minimal V1 receptor activity
Treats central diabetes insipidus, nocturnal enuresis

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14
Q

What is levothyroxine?

A

Synthetic T4

Used to treat hypothyroidism

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15
Q

What is propylthiouracil (PTU)?

A

Thioamide that inhibits oxidation, organifiation, and condensation/coupling of iodotyrosines (inhibits thyroid peroxidase) and blocks peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
Treats hyperthyroidism
Best choice for first trimester of pregnancy
Rare side effect of agraulocytosis

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16
Q

What is methimazole?

A

Thioamide that inhibits oxidation and condensation/coupling of iodotyrosines (inhibits thyroid peroxidase)
Treats hyperthyroidism

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17
Q

What is insulin lispro?

A

Rapid-acting insulin

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18
Q

What is insulin aspart?

A

Rapid-acting insulin

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19
Q

What is insulin glulisine?

A

Rapid-acting insulin

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20
Q

What is NPH insulin/insulin isophane?

A

Intermediate-acting insulin

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21
Q

What is insulin glargine?

A

Long-acting insulin

Precipitates at injection site due to low pH –> extended release (no peak)

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22
Q

What is insulin detemir?

A

Long-acting insulin

Fatty acid side chain enhances association to albumin

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23
Q

What is pramlintide?

A

Amylin analog that delays gastric empyting, decreases postprandial glucagon secretion, and improves satiety
Treats T1DM and T2DM
Used with rapid-acting insulin

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24
Q

What is exenatide?

A

GLP-1 analog that increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety
Treats T2DM
May cause weight loss, pancreatitis

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25
What is liraglutide?
GLP-1 analog that increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion, slows gastric emptying, and increases satiety Treats T2DM May cause weight loss, pancreatitis
26
What is glyburide?
Sulfonylureas block ATP-sensitive K+ channels --> cell depolarization and calcium influx --> insulin secretion Treats T2DM May cause hypoglycemia
27
What is glipizide?
ATP-sensitive K+ channels --> cell depolarization and calcium influx --> insulin secretion Treats T2DM May cause hypoglycemia
28
What is glimepiride?
ATP-sensitive K+ channels --> cell depolarization and calcium influx --> insulin secretion Treats T2DM May cause hypoglycemia
29
What is repaglinide?
Drugs that works similar to sulfonylureas
30
What is metformin?
A biguanide that reduces hepatic glucoeogenesis and improves peripheral glucose uptake and utilization Treats T2DM and polycystic ovarian syndrome May cause lactic acidosis
31
What is pioglitazone?
Thiazolidinedione that activates the PPARγ receptor which increases insulin sensitivity Treats T2DM and polycystic ovarian syndrome May cause weight gain via fluid retention and heart failure
32
What is rosiglitazone?
Thiazolidinedione that activates the PPARγ receptor which increases insulin sensitivity Treats T2DM and polycystic ovarian syndrome May cause weight gain via fluid retention and heart failure
33
What is acarbose?
An α-glucosidase inhibitors which prevents breakdown of carbs and absorption of glucose Treats T2DM
34
What is miglitol?
An α-glucosidase inhibitors which prevents breakdown of carbs and absorption of glucose Treats T2DM
35
What is alogliptin?
DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections
36
What is linagliptin?
DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections
37
What is saxagliptin?
DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections
38
What is sitagliptin?
DPP-4 inhibitor which prolongs activity of GLP-1 thus increasing insulin secretion and decreasing glucagon secretion Treats T2DM May cause pancreatitis, urinary or respiratory infections
39
What is canagliflozin?
SGLT2 inhibitor decreases resorption of glucose and sodium in the kidney May cause hypotension, UTIs, genital mycotic infections
40
What is dapagliflozin?
SGLT2 inhibitor decreases resorption of glucose and sodium in the kidney May cause hypotension, UTIs, genital mycotic infections
41
What is fluoxymesterone?
17α-aklylated androgen can be taken orally | Treats hypogondaism
42
What is dutasteride?
5α-reductase inhibitor decreases formation of DHT | Treats BPH
43
What is flutamide?
Competitive inhibitor of androgens | Treats prostate cancer
44
What is bicalutamide?
Competitive inhibitor of androgens | Treats prostate cancer
45
What is enzalutamide?
Competitive inhibitor of androgens Prevents translocation of receptor to nucleus Treats prostate cancer
46
What is nilutamide?
Competitive inhibitor of androgens | Treats prostate cancer
47
What is propranolol?
β-blocker inhibits β-adrenergic receptors and inhibits conversion of T4 to T3 Treats thyroid storm
48
What is perchlorate?
Inhibitor of Na/I symporter in the thyroid
49
What is testosterone enanthate?
Testosterone derivative | Treats hypogonadism, chronic wasting, anemia
50
What is danazol?
17α-aklylated androgen can be taken orally | Can treat hereditary angioedema
51
What is finasteride?
Type II 5α-reductase inhibitors decreases conversion of T to DHT Treats BPH and male pattern baldness
52
What is flutamide?
Androgen receptor antagonist | Used on combination with GnRH agonist to treat prostate cancer
53
What is bicalutamide?
Androgen receptor antagonist | Used on combination with GnRH agonist to treat prostate cancer
54
What is enzalutamide?
Androgen receptor antagonist; prevents translocation of receptor to nucleus Used on combination with GnRH agonist to treat prostate cancer
55
What is hydrocortisone?
Cortisol analog Used to treat adrenal insufficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia Side effects include glaucoma, osteoporosis, infection
56
What is fludrocortisone?
Corticosteroid with mineralcorticoid activity
57
What is ketoconazole?
P450 inhibitor prevents gonadal and adrenal steroid hormone synthesis Treats Cushing syndrome and prostate cancer
58
What is spironolactone?
Mineralcorticoid receptor antagonist | Treats HTN, hyperaldosteronism, heart failure, hirsuitism in women
59
What is tamulosin?
α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist blocks constriction of smooth muscle Treats BPH Side effects include floppy iris syndrome
60
What is sildenafil?
Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor prevents breakdown of cGMP allowing sustained smooth muscle relaxation Used to treat ED, BPH, and pulmonary HTN
61
What is alprostadil?
PGE1 analog increases cAMP allowing relaxation of smooth muscle Treats ED
62
What is papaverine?
Non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor increases cGMP and cAMP Treats ED
63
What is phentolamine?
α1A-adrenergic receptor antagonist --> relaxation of smooth muscle and dilation of arteries Treats ED
64
What is alendronate?
Bisphosphonate Treats osteoporosis, Paget disease Associated with esophageal irritation
65
What is teriparatide?
PTH fragment that stimulates bone growth | Treats osteoporosis
66
What is denosumab?
Anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody downregulates osteoclasts | Treats osteoporosis
67
Which cell in spermatogenesis is the first to become haploid?
Secondary spermatocytes
68
Where does sperm mature and become motile?
Epididymis | Sperm don't become activated until they reach the vagina
69
During which phase of meiosis does cross-over occur?
Prophase I

Repro-Endo (2 decks)

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