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Science > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of reproduction

A

The production of new individuals

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of reproduction? Explain them.
xxx

A

⇒Asexual reproduction involves one parent, e.g. aphids, bacteria

⇒Sexual reproduction involves two parents, e.g. humans, lillies

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3
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics for a male human?
xxxx

A

-Growth of facial hair, pubic hair and body hair
-Build up of sebum (oil) which causes acne
-Voice deepens
-Muscle mass increases
-Broad shoulders develop

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4
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics for a female human?
xxxx

A

-Growth of body hair (legs, under armpits)
-Pubic hair develops
-Widening of hips
-Build up of sebum(oil) which causes acne
-Increase in body fat
-Breasts develop
-Menstruation begins

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5
Q

Name the parts of the human male reproductive system

A

-Testes
-Scrotum
-Sperm duct
-Glands
-Penis
-Urethra

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6
Q

Name the parts of the human female reproductive system

A

-Fallopian tubes
-ovary
-Womb lining
-Cervix
-Womb
-Vagina

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7
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Produces sperm and the hormone testosterone

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8
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Holds the testis

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9
Q

What is the function of the sperm duct?

A

Carries sperm from the testis to the penis

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10
Q

What is the function of the glands?

A

Produces fluid which feeds sperm and helps them to swim.
Fluid and sperm form semen

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11
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

Delivers sperm inside the female reproductive system

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12
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Allows the passage of urine and sperm

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13
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A

Produces eggs and the hormone estrogen

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14
Q

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

Carries eggs from the ovary to the womb.
Fertilisation

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15
Q

What is the function of the womb?

A

Location of implantation.
The foetus grows here.
Wall of the womb forms placenta during pregnancy

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16
Q

What is the function of the cervix?

A

Sperm enters here

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17
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

Penis is placed here during sexual intercourse. Baby also exits here

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18
Q

What happens on day 1-5 during the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation occurs
(Breaking down of the uterus lining)

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19
Q

What happens on day 6-13 during the menstrual cycle?

A

Lining of the uterus builds back up, preparing for the arrival of an embryo

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20
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation occurs

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21
Q

What happens on day 15-28 during the menstrual cycle?

A

The womb-lining thickens on day 28 and if the female is not pregnant, menstruation will begin again

22
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When the nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote

23
Q

What is implantation?

A

When the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the womb

24
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A bundle of cells formed after fertilisation. It later turns into an embryo

25
Q

What is contraception?

A

Contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy

26
Q

What are the 4 types of contraception?
xxxxx

A

⇒Natural
⇒Mechanical
⇒Chemical
⇒Surgical

27
Q

What is natural contraception?

A

Avoiding sexual intercourse during fertile period

28
Q

Explain mechanical contraception

A

It prevents sperm from reaching the egg. Condoms are an example of this and they also prevent sexually transmitted disease

29
Q

Explain chemical contraception

A

Using hormonal pills or implants

30
Q

Explain surgical contraception

A

⇒In males, the sperm duct can be cut which is called a vasectomy
⇒In females, the fallopian tubes can be cut which is called tubal ligation

31
Q

What is infertility?

A

The inability to conceive children

32
Q

What happens when males are infertile?
xxxxxx

A

-Low mobility sperm
-Low sperm count
-Blockage of sperm duct
-Mumps

33
Q

What are the causes of infertility in males?
xxxxxxxxx

A

-Low exercise levels
-Drugs/alcohol
-High fat/salt diet
-Stress levels

34
Q

How can you prevent infertility in males?
xxxxxxxxxxxx

A

-Change lifestyle
-Hormone supplements
-Surgery

35
Q

What happens when females are infertile?

A

The ovary does not release eggs

36
Q

What are the causes of infertility in females
xxxxxxx

A

-Stress
-Cancer
-Change in hormones
-Poor diet
-Low exercise levels

37
Q

What does IVF stand for?
xxxxxx

A

In-Vitro Fertilisation

38
Q

What is IVF?

A

It is a method used to help with fertility when pregnancy cannot happen naturally

39
Q

Briefly explain the process of IVF?

A

Eggs are removed from the ovary of the woman and mixed with the man’s sperm in a petri dish. If an embryo develops, it is placed back in the womb

40
Q

Arguments for IVF

A

-People with fertility issues can have babies with their own DNA
-Embryos can be selected to avoid genetic diseases
-Eggs can be used for research or donated to other childless couples
-Embryos can be frozen and used later

41
Q

Arguments against IVF

A

-Treatment can have negative side effects for the prospective mother
-If more than one embryo is implanted, multiple births may result. Complications may arise for the mother and the babies
-Treatment can be physically and emotionally stressful for the prospective parents
-Success rates are relatively low

42
Q

What is the process of pregnancy?

A
  1. Sexual intercourse occurs
  2. Fertilisation (egg + sperm = zygote)
  3. Implantation
  4. Pregnancy (9 months/ 40 weeks)
  5. Child birth
43
Q

What is pregnancy?
#x

A

The time taken for the foetus to develop in the womb

44
Q

What is the placenta?

A

It is a temporary organ that allows materials (e.g. oxygen) to pass between the mother and the foetus. The exchange occurs by diffusion

45
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

-Oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother to the foetus
-Carbon dioxide and waste pass from the foetus to the mother

46
Q

What are the 3 stages of birth?

A

⇒Labour
⇒Delivery of the baby
⇒Delivery of the placenta

47
Q

Explain labour

A

-The muscles in the walls of the uterus begin to contract, causing the cervix to widen
-The amniotic sac bursts and fluid passes through the cervix and vaginal canal

48
Q

What happens during the delivery of the baby?

A

-The baby passes head first from the uterus through the cervix and out of the vagina
-The umbilical chord is clamped and cut

49
Q

What happens during the delivery of the placenta?

A

The placenta detaches from the uterus and passes out of the body as the after birth.

50
Q

What is lactation?

A

The production of breast milk

51
Q

What is colostrum?

A

-It is produced during the first three days after birth
-It is the yellowish, nutritious liquid which is rich in antibodies, proteins and minerals that protect the infant from infection

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