Reproduction

Question 1

Definition of reproduction

Answer 1

The production of new individuals

Question 2

What are the 2 types of reproduction? Explain them.
xxx

Answer 2

⇒Asexual reproduction involves one parent, e.g. aphids, bacteria

⇒Sexual reproduction involves two parents, e.g. humans, lillies

Question 3

What are the secondary sexual characteristics for a male human?
xxxx

Answer 3

-Growth of facial hair, pubic hair and body hair
-Build up of sebum (oil) which causes acne
-Voice deepens
-Muscle mass increases
-Broad shoulders develop

Question 4

What are the secondary sexual characteristics for a female human?
xxxx

Answer 4

-Growth of body hair (legs, under armpits)
-Pubic hair develops
-Widening of hips
-Build up of sebum(oil) which causes acne
-Increase in body fat
-Breasts develop
-Menstruation begins

Question 5

Name the parts of the human male reproductive system

Answer 5

-Testes
-Scrotum
-Sperm duct
-Glands
-Penis
-Urethra

Question 6

Name the parts of the human female reproductive system

Answer 6

-Fallopian tubes
-ovary
-Womb lining
-Cervix
-Womb
-Vagina

Question 7

What is the function of the testes?

Answer 7

Produces sperm and the hormone testosterone

Question 8

What is the function of the scrotum?

Answer 8

Holds the testis

Question 9

What is the function of the sperm duct?

Answer 9

Carries sperm from the testis to the penis

Question 10

What is the function of the glands?

Answer 10

Produces fluid which feeds sperm and helps them to swim.
Fluid and sperm form semen

Question 11

What is the function of the penis?

Answer 11

Delivers sperm inside the female reproductive system

Question 12

What is the function of the urethra?

Answer 12

Allows the passage of urine and sperm

Question 13

What is the function of the ovary?

Answer 13

Produces eggs and the hormone estrogen

Question 14

What is the function of the fallopian tubes?

Answer 14

Carries eggs from the ovary to the womb.
Fertilisation

Question 15

What is the function of the womb?

Answer 15

Location of implantation.
The foetus grows here.
Wall of the womb forms placenta during pregnancy

Question 16

What is the function of the cervix?

Answer 16

Sperm enters here

Question 17

What is the function of the vagina?

Answer 17

Penis is placed here during sexual intercourse. Baby also exits here

Question 18

What happens on day 1-5 during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 18

Menstruation occurs
(Breaking down of the uterus lining)

Question 19

What happens on day 6-13 during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 19

Lining of the uterus builds back up, preparing for the arrival of an embryo

Question 20

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 20

Ovulation occurs

Question 21

What happens on day 15-28 during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 21

The womb-lining thickens on day 28 and if the female is not pregnant, menstruation will begin again

Question 22

What is fertilisation?

Answer 22

When the nucleus of the sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote

Question 23

What is implantation?

Answer 23

When the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the womb

Question 24

What is a zygote?

Answer 24

A bundle of cells formed after fertilisation. It later turns into an embryo

Question 25

What is contraception?

Answer 25

Contraception refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy

Question 26

What are the 4 types of contraception? xxxxx

Answer 26

⇒Natural ⇒Mechanical ⇒Chemical ⇒Surgical

Question 27

What is natural contraception?

Answer 27

Avoiding sexual intercourse during fertile period

Question 28

Explain mechanical contraception

Answer 28

It prevents sperm from reaching the egg. Condoms are an example of this and they also prevent sexually transmitted disease

Question 29

Explain chemical contraception

Answer 29

Using hormonal pills or implants

Question 30

Explain surgical contraception

Answer 30

⇒In males, the sperm duct can be cut which is called a vasectomy ⇒In females, the fallopian tubes can be cut which is called tubal ligation

Question 31

What is infertility?

Answer 31

The inability to conceive children

Question 32

What happens when males are infertile? xxxxxx

Answer 32

-Low mobility sperm -Low sperm count -Blockage of sperm duct -Mumps

Question 33

What are the causes of infertility in males? xxxxxxxxx

Answer 33

-Low exercise levels -Drugs/alcohol -High fat/salt diet -Stress levels

Question 34

How can you prevent infertility in males? xxxxxxxxxxxx

Answer 34

-Change lifestyle -Hormone supplements -Surgery

Question 35

What happens when females are infertile?

Answer 35

The ovary does not release eggs

Question 36

What are the causes of infertility in females xxxxxxx

Answer 36

-Stress -Cancer -Change in hormones -Poor diet -Low exercise levels

Question 37

What does IVF stand for? xxxxxx

Answer 37

In-Vitro Fertilisation

Question 38

What is IVF?

Answer 38

It is a method used to help with fertility when pregnancy cannot happen naturally

Question 39

Briefly explain the process of IVF?

Answer 39

Eggs are removed from the ovary of the woman and mixed with the man's sperm in a petri dish. If an embryo develops, it is placed back in the womb

Question 40

Arguments for IVF

Answer 40

-People with fertility issues can have babies with their own DNA -Embryos can be selected to avoid genetic diseases -Eggs can be used for research or donated to other childless couples -Embryos can be frozen and used later

Question 41

Arguments against IVF

Answer 41

-Treatment can have negative side effects for the prospective mother -If more than one embryo is implanted, multiple births may result. Complications may arise for the mother and the babies -Treatment can be physically and emotionally stressful for the prospective parents -Success rates are relatively low

Question 42

What is the process of pregnancy?

Answer 42

1. Sexual intercourse occurs 2. Fertilisation (egg + sperm = zygote) 3. Implantation 4. Pregnancy (9 months/ 40 weeks) 5. Child birth

Question 43

What is pregnancy? #x

Answer 43

The time taken for the foetus to develop in the womb

Question 44

What is the placenta?

Answer 44

It is a temporary organ that allows materials (e.g. oxygen) to pass between the mother and the foetus. The exchange occurs by diffusion

Question 45

What are the functions of the placenta?

Answer 45

-Oxygen and nutrients pass from the mother to the foetus -Carbon dioxide and waste pass from the foetus to the mother

Question 46

What are the 3 stages of birth?

Answer 46

⇒Labour ⇒Delivery of the baby ⇒Delivery of the placenta

Question 47

Explain labour

Answer 47

-The muscles in the walls of the uterus begin to contract, causing the cervix to widen -The amniotic sac bursts and fluid passes through the cervix and vaginal canal

Question 48

What happens during the delivery of the baby?

Answer 48

-The baby passes head first from the uterus through the cervix and out of the vagina -The umbilical chord is clamped and cut

Question 49

What happens during the delivery of the placenta?

Answer 49

The placenta detaches from the uterus and passes out of the body as the after birth.

Question 50

What is lactation?

Answer 50

The production of breast milk

Question 51

What is colostrum?

Answer 51

-It is produced during the first three days after birth -It is the yellowish, nutritious liquid which is rich in antibodies, proteins and minerals that protect the infant from infection