Reproduction

Question 1

When are eggs released from the ovary?

Answer 1

Day 14

Question 2

What is it called when eggs are released from the ovary?

Answer 2

Ovulation

Question 3

How often does the cycle repeat itself?

Answer 3

Every 28 days

Question 4

From which days does menstruation occur

Answer 4

the first 5-7 days

Question 5

What is menstruation?

Answer 5

Breakdown/shedding of the uterus lining

Question 6

Describe oestrogen levels and when they peak

Answer 6

They rise from day 1 to peak just before day 14

Question 7

What is the purpose of oestrogen?

Answer 7

Causes uterus lining to thicken/stimulates uterus to develop a lining (for implantation)
Inhibits FSH production (stops another egg being matured)
Stimulates LH production

Question 8

Describe levels of progesterone

Answer 8

Stays low from day 1-14 and starts to rise once ovulation has occured (after day 14)

Question 9

What is the purpose of progesterone?

Answer 9

Maintains uterus lining.
Inhibits LH and FSH production (so no more eggs are released or matured)

Question 10

What is menstruation triggered by (refer to a hormone) ?

Answer 10

Drop in progesterone, progesterone maintains the uterus lining.

Question 11

What is FSH released by?

Answer 11

Pituitary gland.

Question 12

What is LH released by?

Answer 12

Pituitary gland

Question 13

What is the purpose of FSH?

Answer 13

Stimulates a follicle (egg) to mature in the ovary.
Stimulates release of oestrogen

Question 14

What is the purpose of LH?

Answer 14

Causes ovulation to occur (egg released from oviduct)
Stimulates progesterone production

Question 15

Where is oestrogen produced?

Answer 15

Ovary.

Question 16

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 16

Ovary.

Question 17

Mnemonic for remembering order of hormones

Answer 17

FOLP (FSH, Oestrogen, LH and Progesterone)

Question 18

What nutrients are passed from the mother’s blood to the foetus?

Answer 18

Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, water, oxygen, minerals, vitamins

Question 19

Waste products absorbed by the mother’s blood from the foetus’s blood

Answer 19

Carbon dioxide and Urea

Question 20

Why are pregnant women advised not to smoke?

Answer 20

Nictoine can pass across the placenta. Not all toxin molecules are stopped by the placenta.

Question 21

Adaptations of the placenta

Answer 21

Difference in concentration gradient
Large surface area, many villi
Short diffusion distance, foetus’s blood vessels are close to mother’s blood supply

Question 22

Differences between mitosis and meiosis

Answer 22

Mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells. Meiosis produces genetically non-identical daughter cells.
Mitosis: 2 cells produced. Meiosis: 4 cells produced.
Mitosis: divides once. Meiosis: divides twice
Mitosis: produces diploid cells. Meiosis: produces haploid cells
Mitosis: Same number of chromosomes. Meiosis: Half number of chromosomes.

Question 23

Use of mitosis

Answer 23

Growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction

Question 24

Use of meiosis

Answer 24

To produce gametes for sexual reproduction

Question 25

How is the developing embryo protected by amniotic fluid?

Answer 25

Amniotic fluid surrounds the embryo. Acts as a cushion absorbing shocks and protecting the embryo from external impacts.

Question 26

What is fertilisation?

Answer 26

Fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote which then undergoes cell division to develop into an embryo.

Question 27

Products of meiosis

Answer 27

Produces 4 cells, each with half the number of chromosomes Genetically different haploid cells

Question 28

Products of mitosis

Answer 28

Produces 2 cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes. Genetically identical diploid cells

Question 29

Function and structure of ovary

Answer 29

Where egg cells are formed by meiosis. Produces hormones oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 30

Function and structure of oviduct

Answer 30

Eggs travel down this to reach the uterus. Lined with cilia which move the egg cell. Site of fertilisation.

Question 31

Function and structure of uterus/womb

Answer 31

Lining forms in the uterus where embryo will implant. Foetus develops in the uterus which has a thick muscular wall which contracts during labour.

Question 32

Function and structure of cervix

Answer 32

Narrow opening to uterus. Dilates during labour to allow baby to be born.

Question 33

Which hormones cause development of secondary sexual characteristics in men and women?

Answer 33

Men - testosterone Women - Oestrogen

Question 34

Function and structure of testes

Answer 34

Where sperm cells are formed by meiosis. Produces hormone testosterone.

Question 35

Function and structure of sperm duct

Answer 35

Maturing sperm are transported along this tube.

Question 36

Function and structure of seminal vesicles and prostate gland

Answer 36

Release liquids into sperm duct, which mixes with sperm cells to form semen. Liquid provides nutrients to the sperm.

Question 37

Function and structure of urethra (male)

Answer 37

Tube which can transport either urine or semen.

Question 38

Examples of male secondary characteristics

Answer 38

Voice breaks Sperm production begins Shoulders broaden Facial, armpit, body hair growth Greater muscle development

Question 39

Examples of female secondary characteristics

Answer 39

Menstrual cycle begins Armpit and pubic hair growth Pelvis broadens in preparation for pregnancy and labour