Reproduction

Question 1

What is Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

genetically identical cells are produced from a single parent cell through mitosis

Question 2

What are the Pros and Cons of Asexual Reproduction?

Answer 2

Pros: No mate necessary; genetically identical
Cons: Genetically identical

Question 3

Binary Fission

Answer 3

division of one cell into two equal or nearly equal parts or daughter cells
-happens in most single celled organisms

Question 4

Budding

Answer 4

adult cell or organism grows smaller daughter cells or organism
-single and multicellular organisms-all non-bilaterian taxa

Question 5

Vegetative Reproduction

Answer 5

new individuals are created from parts of adults

ie: shoots, cutting

Question 6

Fragmentation

Answer 6

occurs in simple animals (echinoderms, porifera, etc)

Question 7

Parthenogenesis/Apomixis

Answer 7

Parthenogenesis: development in animals without fermentation
ie: sharks, reptiles
Apomixis: same definition but in plants
egg can develop without being fertilized by sperm

Question 8

What is Sexual Reproduction?

Answer 8

reproduction that involves the combination of genetic information from 2 parent individuals

Question 9

Does Sexual Reproduction occur in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?

Answer 9

Eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the Pros and Cons of sexual reproduction?

Answer 10

Pros: genes are recombined to form an entirely new genome
Cons: must find a mate; must undergo mating

Question 11

Conjugation

Answer 11

• ciliates
• genes are tranferred through a micronucleus
• micronuclei fuse together to form a new genome

Question 12

What is fertilization?

Answer 12

When 2 cells fuse together

Question 13

most multicellular organisms produce________

Answer 13

haploid games

ie: sperm or egg

Question 14

Fertilization results in what?

Answer 14

a diploid zygote

Question 15

Dioecious

Answer 15

organism that produce only one type of gamete

-male/female

Question 16

Monoecious

Answer 16

organism that produces both types of gametes

-hermaphroditic

Question 17

What are spores?

Answer 17

cells dispersed for breeding purposes

-Always haploid

Question 18

Diplontic life cycle

Answer 18

only the diploid stage is multicellular

-haploid stage is one gamete cell

Question 19

Haplodiplontic life cycle

Answer 19

• multicellular diploid stage=Sporophyte

- multicellular haploid stage=Gametophyte

Question 20

Chlorophytes and Charophytes

Answer 20

• Haplodiplontic life cycle
• gametophyte and sporophyte appear identical
• +/- gametes

Question 21

Bryophytes

Answer 21

-Haplodiplontic life cycle
-gametophyte is dominant
Archegonia=female
Antheridia=male
After fertilization…..
-archegonia grows a sporophyte stalk
-sporophyte is nonphotosynthetic
-sporophyte produces spores

Question 22

Brown Algae

Answer 22

• haplodiplontic life cycle
• sporophyte dominant
• egg and sperm

Question 23

Pteridophytes

Answer 23

• haplodiplontic
• sporophyte dominant
• produce sori on the back of fronds
• small gametophyte with anthredia and archegonia
• the gametophyte is free-living and photosynthetic
• sperm fertilizes egg

Question 24

Seed Plants

Answer 24

• Haplodiplontic

- microgametophyte and megagametophyte

Question 25

Gymnosperms

Answer 25

-sporophyte produces male and female cones -pollen grains develop in male and cones by meiosis -female cones are larger and have woody scales -pollen grains drift down female cones -pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain (look up what it does in notes)

Question 26

Angiosperms

Answer 26

-posses flowers and fruits -floral organs are thought to have evolved from leaves -

Question 27

Complete Flower

Answer 27

has four whorls

Question 28

Incomplete flower

Answer 28

lacks 1 or more of these whorls

Question 29

Calyx

Answer 29

consists of sepals

Question 30

Corolla

Answer 30

consists of petals

Question 31

Androecium

Answer 31

collective term for stamens

Question 32

What do stamens consist of?

Answer 32

a filament and an anther

Question 33

Gynoecium

Answer 33

collective term for carpels

Question 34

What do carpels consist of?

Answer 34

an ovule, ovary, style and stigma

Question 35

Microgametophyte

Answer 35

Four microscopes form through meiosis and become pollen grains. Each consists of: - tube cell - generative cell that will later divide to 2 sperm cells

Question 36

Megagametophyte

Answer 36

- female gametophyte - 2 become polar nuclei - at the micropyle end, one cell functions as the egg, and the other two are synergids - at the other end, three cells are antipodals

Question 37

pollination

Answer 37

the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

Question 38

self-pollination

Answer 38

pollen from flower anther pollinates stigma of same flower

Question 39

cross-pollination

Answer 39

pollen from anther of one flower pollinates the anther of another flowers stigma

Question 40

bees

Answer 40

most common insect pollinators | nectar guides

Question 41

Butterflies

Answer 41

prefer flowers that have flat "landing platforms"

Question 42

Birds

Answer 42

like red flowers | usually inconspicuous to insects

Question 43

plants that get wind pollinated

Answer 43

small green and odorless | often grouped and hanging down in tassels

Question 44

Angiosperms undergo a unique process called _________ | Describe this

Answer 44

Double Fertilization -tube cells form a pollen tube -generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid zygote -other sperm cell nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid endosperm -nourishes embryo

Question 45

Fungi Fertilization

Answer 45

fertilization by merging hyphae cells from 2 individuals - Karyogamy - sometimes forms a dikaryotic cell before karyogamy

Question 46

Basidomycota

Answer 46

see notes

Question 47

True or False | Most animals reproduce asexually

Answer 47

false

Question 48

True or False | fertilization evolved on land first

Answer 48

false | fertilization evolved in the ocean before animals colonized land

Question 49

External fertilization

Answer 49

eggs and sperm are released into the water where union of the free gametes occurs

Question 50

Internal fertilization

Answer 50

sperm are introduced into the female reproductive track

Question 51

What are the three strategies of developement of internal fertilization?

Answer 51

Oviparity: fertilized eggs are deposited outside mothers' body to complete their development Ovoviviparity: fertilized eggs are kept within mother to complete development, and young obtain food from egg yolk Viviparity: young develop within mother and obtain nourishment from her blood

Question 52

What animal type is viviparous, ovoviviparous, and oviparous?

Answer 52

cartilaginous fish

Question 53

Give three details about amniotes

Answer 53

- the amntiotic egg has four membranes - water tight - results from internal fertilization

Question 54

Most reptiles and birds are viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

Answer 54

oviparous

Question 55

what is copulation?

Answer 55

males uses a penis to inject sperm into the female

Question 56

what is ovulation?

Answer 56

the period release of a mature egg

Question 57

what is the estrous cycle?

Answer 57

- occurs in most female mammals | - females are only receptive to males around ovulation (estrous)

Question 58

what is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 58

shedding of the inner lining of the uterus

Question 59

What the difference between the estrous cycle and the menstrual cycle?

Answer 59

Menstrual cycle= female can copulate at any time in their cycle; in the Estrous cycle females copulate when they are ovulating

Question 60

are monotremes viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

Answer 60

oviparous

Question 61

are marsupials viviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

Answer 61

viviparous

Question 62

are placentalsviviparous, ovoviviparous, or oviparous?

Answer 62

viviparous