Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis (animals)

Question 1

There are four levels of organization. What are they?

Answer 1

Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ Sytems

Question 2

How many different cell types do humans have?

Answer 2

210

Question 3

Cell

Answer 3

• The smallest division of life
• all life is cellular
• all cells come from pre-existing cells

Question 4

Tissues

Answer 4

groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Question 5

Organ

Answer 5

combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit

Question 6

Organ System

Answer 6

groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body

Question 7

The vertebrate body contains how many principle organ systems?

Answer 7

11

Question 8

The main body plan of all vertebrates is essentially a ____ within a _____

Answer 8

tube; tube

Question 9

What is the “inner tube”?

Answer 9

the digestive tract

Question 10

What is the “Outer tube”?

Answer 10

main vertebrate body

• supported by a skeleton
• outermost layer=skin and its accessories

Question 11

In adult vertebrates there are four primary tissues. What are they?

Answer 11

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous

Question 12

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 12

Epithelium covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrate body

• all germ layers have it
• Can be membranes and glands
• provides a protective barrier

Question 13

describe the characteristics of epithelial cells

Answer 13

• tightly bound together
• replaced throughout life
• attach to underlying connective tissues by a fibrous membrane

Question 14

Epithelium has________

Answer 14

Polarity

Basal surface=secured side
Apical surface=Free side

Question 15

describe the layers of the epithelial

one layer does_______; several create_______

Answer 15

• One layer allows for diffusion, absorption, and secretion

- Several layers creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals

Question 16

Epithelial: Cell size

Describe flat, cubed, and thick cells

Answer 16

Flat: allow for materials to diffuse through
Cubed: absorb and secrete moderately
Thick: absorb, secrete, and process chemicals at the greatest rate

Question 17

How do glands form?

Answer 17

from invaginated epithelia

Question 18

describe exocrine glands

Answer 18

• connected to epithelium by a duct

- sweat, sebaceous and salivary glands

Question 19

describe endocrine glands

Answer 19

• ductless

- secretions (hormones) enter blood

Question 20

Describe connective tissues

Answer 20

• Derive from embryonic mesoderm

- All have abundant extracellular meterial

Question 21

Connective tissues are divided into two major classes. What are they and give examples

Answer 21

Connective tissue proper
-loose, dense, adipose

Special connective tissue
-cartilage, bone, and blood

Question 22

Connective Tissues consist of:

Answer 22

Matrix: extracellular material
(protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc.)
-Cells that produce said matrix

Question 23

What are fibroblasts?

Answer 23

cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix
-fibers include thick, tough collagen fibers and stretchable elastic fibers

Question 24

connective tissue proper consists of three main things (supposedly). What are they?

Answer 24

• loose connective tissue
• Dense connective tissue
• Adipose cells (Adipose tissue)

Question 25

Describe loose connective tissue

Answer 25

contains large amounts of a gel-like substance and is strengthened by protein fibers

Question 26

Describe Dense Connective tissue

Answer 26

Contains less gel and more collagen than loose connective tissue. Collagen fibers may be parallel to one another (tendons, ligaments) or go in many different direction (dermis of skin, whites of eyes)

Question 27

Describe adipose cells

Answer 27

- adipose cells (fat cells) also occur in loose connective tissue - develop in large groups in certain areas forming adipose tissue

Question 28

Name 3 special connective tissues

Answer 28

Cartilage, Bone, Blood

Question 29

Describe cartilage

Answer 29

- cartilage cells are called chondrocytes - the matrix is called chondroitin (collagen/elastin fibers) - flexible with great tensile strength - found in joint surfaces and other locations

Question 30

Describe bone

Answer 30

- bone cells are called osteocytes | - hardened with calcium salts around collagen fibers

Question 31

describe blood

Answer 31

- extracellular material is the fluid plasma - red blood cells - white blood cells - platelets

Question 32

What are the three muscle types?

Answer 32

smooth, skeletal, and cardiac

Question 33

describe smooth muscle

Answer 33

- walls of blood vessels and visceral organs - mono-nucleated - involuntary

Question 34

describe skeletal muscle

Answer 34

- attached to bone by tendons - cells are long and multi-nucleated - voluntary - striated

Question 35

describe cardiac muscle

Answer 35

- smaller, interconnected cells in heart only - mono-nucleated - interconnections called intercalated disks - muscle cells form a single functioning unit

Question 36

Neurons consist of three parts. What are they and give a short description of each

Answer 36

Cell Body: contains the nucleus Dendrites: highly branched extensions (conduct electrical impulses toward the cell body) Axon: single cytoplasmic extension (conducts impulses away from cell body)

Question 37

describe neuroglia

Answer 37

- do not conduct electrical impulses - support and insulate neurons - eliminate foreign materials in and around neurons - form an insulating cover

Question 38

Which organ systems are responsible for communication and integration? - detect external stimuli - coordinate the body's resposes

Answer 38

Nervous, Sensory, and Endocrine

Question 39

Which body organs are responsible for support and movement?

Answer 39

Musculoskeletal system (consists of two interrelated organ systems)

Question 40

Which body organ systems are responsible for regulation and maintenance? -regulate and maintain the body's chemistry

Answer 40

Digestive, Circulatory, Respiratory, Urinary systems

Question 41

Which body organ systems are responsible for defense?

Answer 41

Integumentary and Immune

Question 42

Which body organ system is responsible for reproduction and development? - spreading genes - nurtures the developing embryo and fetus

Answer 42

reproductive system