Reproduction Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
What does LH do
A
Causes development of the corpus luteum.
2
Q
What happens to progesterone during pregnancy
A
It does not decrease it continues
3
Q
What do all cells rely on
A
Mitosis
4
Q
What is mitosis
A
cell division
5
Q
In mitosis does each cell have same DNA
A
Yes
6
Q
How does a cell turn into a specific type of cell
A
A part of the cell is triggered turning it into a type of cell. Once it is triggered it cannot change.
7
Q
When is a cell ready to divide
A
After the cell has been turned into a specific cell it can start cell division
8
Q
What is interesting about stem cells
A
No part of the cell has been activated(turned onto a type of cell)
9
Q
What must happen for cell division to happen
A
Genetic material must be copied exactly
10
Q
What are the parts of the cell cycle
A
Mitosis, G1 phase, G2 phase, and S phase
11
Q
What is the G1 phase
A
Everything that is needed for DNA replication is acquired
12
Q
What happens in the G2 phase
A
When the DNA gets coiled
13
Q
What happens in the S phase
A
When the DNA is actually replicated
14
Q
What are the 3 main parts of DNA
A
Sugar- deoxyribose sugar
phosphate - molecule links 2 sugars together
Nucleic acid
15
Q
What are the 4 main types of nucleic acid
A
Adinine, thymine, guanosine, cytoine
16
Q
What can the nucleic acid only attach to
A
Adenine can only attach to thymine
Cytosine and only attach to guanine
17
Q
Is the connection made by hydrogen strong or weak
A
Weak
18
Q
What has to happen for the DNA to be copied
A
Enzymes un zips the zipped up DNA
19
Q
What happens to the DNA after being split
A
After being split: a new side of DNA forms On each side of the old DNA
20
Q
What happens to the cell after cell division
A
Create all the organelles it lost through division
21
Q
What happens when the cell starts to divide
A
It can’t stop
22
Q
What happens when the cell gets old
A
Lysosome bursts and the cell auto digests
23
Q
What does cytoplasm have
A
Fibres to keep things in place
24
Q
What are the different types of cell mutations
A
Positive- makes cell better
Negative- causes problems
There are about 100 cell mutations a day
25
How many chromosomes do humans have
46
26
What are the different phases in mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
27
What does FSH do
Causes ovulation.
28
How many chromosomes do we get from the sperm and egg cells
23 each
29
Is hydrogen bond strong or weak
Really tight
30
What are the different types of asexual reproduction
Binary Fission - Bacteria, simplest
Fragmentation- part of individual is broken of. If that fragment has part of the central part of the individual a new organism is created
-vegelative reproduction- certain types of plants use a runner
Budding- when part of an organism gets stimulated, a bud grows and eventually becomes a new organism
Spores- like an unfertalized seed. If it lands in a good environment it grows. They're a haploid
Graphing- when part of a plant or animal gets put with a part from a different plant or animal
31
What is a haploid.
Has half the genetic material
32
What are the benefits of asexual reproduction
Only needs one parent
Fast
Graphing
Can produce a lot
33
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction
No genetic diversity(biggest problem)
| Can't adapt
34
What is miosis
Process of cell division that reduces the chromosomes number in half
35
What is the difference between meiosis and mitosis
Miosis is exactly the same as mitosis but must have only half the chromosomes
36
What is the different in miosis 2 than miosis 1
Miosis 2 is the same but starts with half the chromosomes
37
How many sperm cells do males start with
4
(2 per cell)
Miotic process continues throughout life
38
How many eggs do females start with.
1 egg
3 polar bodies
Polar bodies protect eggs
Stops production eggs when born
39
What are gamites
Sex cells (sperm and eggs)
40
What is the male reproductive organ
Penis
41
What do testicles make
Testicles produce sperm in in tubes in testicles that have hollow portions that contain gamites.
42
Is sperm fully active when it is produced
No
43
Where does sperm "learn to swim"
In the vasdefference
44
Can a vesectomy be reversed? Is it simple?
Yes
45
What produces testosterone
Sertoll cells
46
What produce the liquid in the semen
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulborthers gland
47
Why is there liquid in the semen
Reduces the acidity of the vagina
| Also provides nutrients for the sperm
48
What causes an erection
When aroused blood fills hollow spaces in the penis.
49
Where are eggs produced
Ovaries
50
What does the fimbraie do
Allows fluid to carry eggs to the Fallopian tube
51
What is the uterus
A very large muscular organ
52
When does fertilization tend to occur
When the egg is at the top of the Fallopian tube
53
What is an ectopic pregnancy
When the egg gets stuck in the Fallopian tube and the fetus develops there. If untreated can burst
54
What happens when an egg gets fertilized.
Eggs stop getting released
55
What happens when pregnancy occurs
A mucus plug ( uterine plug) forms so that nothing can go in or out
56
What is the corpus collauses
Follicular cells that surround the egg. During ovulation it turns into the corpus collausum or yellow body
57
What happens during positive feedback
Hormones will continue to produce. Integrity of the uterine wall
58
What happens during negative feedback
When hormones drop. Permits shedding of the uterine wall
59
What happens in the placenta
Mom and baby's blood get very close
60
Where does the sperm mature
Epididymis
61
How does sperm leave the scrotum
Via the vas diference
62
What happens in prophase
The replicated chromosomes coil up into X shaped chromosomes
Nucleus and nuclear membrane disappear
spindle fibres form and stretch across the cell from centrioles that have moved to opposite sides of the cell
63
What happens in metaphase
The tugging action of of the spindle fibres pull the X shaped chromosomes into a line at the centre of the cell
64
What happens in anaphase
Spindle fibres contract and shorten, which pulls the centromere apart allowing the sister chromatids to move to opposite sides of the cell
65
When is a sister chromatid considered a chromosome
When the sister chromatids separate
66
What is telophase
One complete set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell
Spindle fibres begin to disappear
Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes
A nucleolus appears within each nucleus
Now there are 2 nuclei in one cell
67
Where is sperm stored
Ampulla
68
During ejaculation where does the sperm go after the ampulla
Ejaculatory duct
69
Where are the secretions released that the sperm mix with in the ejaculatory duct
Seminal vessicles
70
Where does the semen enter after the ejaculatory duct.
Urethra
71
While the sperm travels through the urethra where are more secretions added from
Prostate gland
72
What gland releases a fluid in the urethra that lubricates and neutralizes the urethra.
Cowper's gland
73
What can enlargement of the prostate cause
Urination problems
74
What happens when the cremaster muscles contract. Why
Moves testes closer to body to warm them in cold weather
75
What happens to the testes in warm weather
The cremaster muscles relax so testes can move away from the body to. cool
76
What do the testes contain
Seminiferous tubules
77
What are the outer layer cells of the seminiferous tubules
Spermatognia
78
What do the spermatognia divide to form
Spematocytes
79
What do spermatocytes develop into
Sperm
80
What cells support sperm developed
Sustenacular cells
81
What do leydig's cells make
Testosterone
82
What is 1 effect of testosterone
Enlargement of the genitalia
83
What are the functions of the testes
Production of sperm and testosterone
84
What is testicular function regulated by
LH , FSH
85
What is LH and FSH made by
Anterior pituitary
86
What is LH and FSH production controlled by
GnRH
87
What do seritoli cells make
Inhibit
88
Inhibin do
Inhibits sperm production
89
How is testosterone made
When leydig's cells are stimulates by LH
90
Does testosterone support sperm production
Yes
91
What does testosterone inhibit the production of
GnRH
| LH
92
What is testosterone production regulated by
Negative feedback
93
What does taking testosterone as a drug do to sperm
Decreases sperm production
94
What is ovulation
When the immature ovum is released from the ovaries
95
Where does the egg go after the ovaries.
The egg is drawn to the Fallopian tube by the fimbrae
96
Where is sperm deposited
At the bottom of the uterus. Near the cervix
97
How does sperm move into the uterus
Through the Cervix then up the Fallopian tube
98
When does the fertilized egg become a embryo
When it undergoes mitosis and goes moves down the Fallopian tube
99
What holds the Fallopian tube, the ovaries, and the uterus in place
Ligaments
100
What happens if there is no pregnancy
Corpus leutenum dies
Estrogen and progesterone decrease
Uterine lining dies
101
What hormones control ovarian function
LH FSH
102
What does estrogen stimulate the production of
GnRH
| LH
103
What does increased GnRH mean for estrogen and LH
More
104
What does a LH surge cause
Ovulation
105
What does the corpus Leutnum make
Estrogen and progesterone
106
If no pregnancy what happens to estrogen and progesterone levels
They decrease
107
During the mental cycle what happens to the stratum basale
Remains the same
108
What do developing follicles make
Estrogen
109
What does estrogen stimulate the endometrium to do
Grow
110
What does progesterone do
Dampens the effects of estrogen on uterine growth
| Stimulates growth of other glands
111
What do uterine glands make.
Glycogen
112
What does glycogen do
Provides nutrients
113
If there is a pregnancy is the uterus ready for implantation
Yes
114
What happens to ovaries during menopause
Less responsive to LH and FSH
115
What phases of the menstral cycle vary in length
Menstral phase, proliferative phase
116
How many days before the menstral cycle does ovulation occur
14
117
What is the life span of the corpus leutenum with no pregnancy
11
118
How many days before ovulation is the embryo implanted in the uterus
7
119
What makes HGC
The membrane that surrounds the embryo
120
what does HGC do
Stimulates the corpus leuteum to continue making Estrogen and progesterone
121
During pregnancy the uterine lining is...
Maintained
122
How does fertilization occur
The sperm must penetrate the egg. It must do so by getting through cellular radiata, and the gelatinous zona pellcida, and the cell membrane. The sperm has acrosome, a diegestive enzyme that helps it get through the membrane. When the sperm enters a chemical reaction takes place making so yet no more sperm can enter.
When the sperm gets in miosis starts and a polar body is created.
123
After fertilization how do the cells divide
Miosis
124
Where do the initial cell divisions occur
Fallopian tube
125
When is it I planted on the uterus
After 3-4 days
126
What does the cytoplasm do
Provides nutrients for development
127
What provides nutrients upon implantation
Uterine gland
128
What does the inner cell mass become in implantation
Germ layer
129
What trimester is the most sensitive
First
130
What is a cavity that gets formed
Yolk sac. Which produces red blood cells
131
What does the vascular allintois develop into
Umbilical cord
132
What do the blood vessels in the umbilical cord supply
Placenta
133
What does the placenta contain
Coriononic villi and maternal artery
134
How does the nutrients and oxygen cross to the fetus
From maternal blood to fetal blood
135
How do waste products get away from fetus
Fetal blood to maternal blood
136
Is blood exchanged between mom and child
No
137
What happens at the end of pregnancy
Progesterone decreases
| Oxytocin, prostaglandis, relaxin increase
138
What does oxytocin, prostaglandis, and relaxin
Prostaglandis , Increase uterine contractions, prevents uterine contractions.
Oxytocin, made in response of cervical pressure, increases uterine contractions
Relaxin, loosening ligaments in preparation for delivery
139
What happens in each trimester
1 brain and spinal cord are forming. Digits appear , kidneys lungs liver and muscles are developing
2 movements are felt, eyelids open, can survive outside mom with specialized care
3 rapid weight gain
