Reproduction & Development

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

One organism divides into two or more offspring

Question 2

In asexual reproduction, offspring are BLANK to the parent.

Answer 2

genetically identical

Question 3

The process used to produce identical cells

Answer 3

Mitosis

Question 4

Clone

Answer 4

Genetically identical to parent organism

Question 5

Unicellular organisms (single celled) divide by BLANK to produce two identical cells. For example, amoeba and bacteria do this

Answer 5

Mitosis

Question 6

Mitosis in multi-cellular organisms

Answer 6

Mitosis produces a mass of cells or replaces/ regenerates lost cells that later bud off to form the offspring. Ex hydra, flatworm, starfish

Question 7

Steps in mitosis

Answer 7

1. Chromosomes and genes are copied (DNA replicated)
2. Each copy goes into a new cell
3. Every cell has the same chromosomes as the original cell

Question 8

True or false: mitosis leads to variation in the population

Answer 8

FALSE

Question 9

Problems with no variation in a population

Answer 9

Can’t adapt to changes that happen in the environment. There may be no survivors if the environment contains a factor that the original parent is not adapted to. Ex. no natural selection/evolution of the population

Question 10

Fitness

Answer 10

Genes with high adaptive value (the genes that allow it to survive) are passed on to the next generation.

Question 11

Examples of genes with high adaptive value

Answer 11

Resistance genes (antibiotics, pesticides) pass to the offspring

Question 12

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 12

2 organisms donate 50% of their genes/DNA to form a new individual

Question 13

Meiosis

Answer 13

Produces sex cells- makes a cell with only half the DNA/ Chromosomes/ genes as the original cell

Question 13

gametes

Answer 13

Sex cells/sperm/egg. Transfer half of the genetic materials/DNA/chromosomes

Question 14

Fertilization

Answer 14

Fusion of 2 gametes to form the zygote cell, maintaining the correct chromosome number from one generation to the next. Offspring is a combination of the genes from the parents (not identical to them)

Question 15

Sexual reproduction increases BLANK

Answer 15

variation

Question 16

Increasing variation…

Answer 16

Genetic differences in new offspring may inherit fitness/ high adaptive value/ genes that allow it to survive from both parents. Ex) inherits resistance from mom or dad or both, but there’s no guarantee that genes with high adaptive value will be inherited

Question 17

Human reproduction is regulated by BLANK

Answer 17

Regulated by hormones (estrogen and progesterone for example)

Question 18

Ovary

Answer 18

Female structure that produces egg (released during ovulation) and secretes hormones (estrogen and progesterone to regulate the cycle)

Question 19

Oviduct/ Fallopian tube

Answer 19

Female structure, connects ovary area to uterus. This is where fertilization happens

Question 20

Uterus

Answer 20

Protects fetus (where baby develops/grows)

Question 21

Placenta

Answer 21

temporary organ that provides nutrients, gas exchange and waste removal for the baby/fetus. Anything (good or bad) that is dissolved in the mother’s blood will diffuse into the baby’s blood through the placenta.

Question 22

Umbilical cord

Answer 22

Carries baby blood to the placenta then back to the baby

Question 23

Cervix

Answer 23

Bottom of the uterus which opens into the vagina

Question 24

Vagina is also called the BLANK

Answer 24

birth canal

Question 25

Testis

Answer 25

Produces sperm and provides hormone (testosterone) for male traits (beard, voice, muscle mass)

Question 26

Epididymis

Answer 26

Where sperm mature

Question 27

Vas deferens

Answer 27

Carry sperm from testis/ epididymis to urethra. This is what is snipped in a vasectomy.

Question 28

Semen

Answer 28

Mixture of sperm and fluids. Fluid is needed for sperm to swim

Question 29

Urethra

Answer 29

Passageway leading out of the body for semen and urine

Question 30

Embryonic Development

Answer 30

One cell turns into two.. etc then 100 billion. Uses mitosis so every cell has identical DNA/Chromosomes/Genes

Question 31

Differentiation

Answer 31

Cells become different/ specialize depending on what genes are turned on or off (ex nerve cell, skin cell, liver cell)

Question 32

What influences how genes are turned on or off?

Answer 32

Environmental factors

Question 33

What happens if the mother is exposed to chemicals or drugs or disease during early pregnancy?

Answer 33

This can affect the embryo in a negative way. Ex alcohol affects brain development.

Question 34

Embryo

Answer 34

Early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants.

Question 35

Progesterone

Answer 35

A type of hormone made by the body that plays a role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Question 36

Species

Answer 36

A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.

Question 37

Estrogen

Answer 37

A type of hormone made by the body that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones.