Reproduction (FA) Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
SHH
A
found at base of limbs
anterior-posterior patterns + CNS devpt
mut: holoprosencephaly
2
Q
Wnt 7
A
found at apical ectodermal ridge (at distal end of limb)
ventral-dorsal patterns
3
Q
FGF
A
found at apical mesodermal ridge (at distal end of limb)
contributes to limb lengthening via mesoderm mitosis
mut: GOF in achondroplasia
4
Q
HOX
A
codes for TFs
allows for proper segmental placement of appendiges- cranio/caudal
mut: appendages where they shouldnt be
5
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week one happenings?
A
day 6: blastocyst sticks
6
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 2 happenings?
A
2 layers- epiblast and hypoblast
“bilaminar disk”
7
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 3-8 happenings?
A
neural tube and organogenesis
teratogen sensitive!!!
8
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 3 happenings?
A
gastrulation. The epiblast invaginates to form primitive streak–> becomes ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
notochord from mesoderm
neural plate from ectoderm
9
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 4 happenings?
A
4 limbs, 4 chambers
limb buds
heart beats
neural tube closes
10
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 6 happenings?
A
can hear cardiac activity in transvag US
11
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 8 happenings?
A
“gait”
baby movinggg
12
Q
Early Embryonic devpt: within week 10 happenings?
A
“tenitalia”
sex determined
13
Q
parotid, sweat, and mammary glands are from?
A
surface ectoderm
14
Q
adrenohypophysis is from?
A
surface ectoderm
15
Q
neurohypophysis is from?
A
neural tube
16
Q
retina is from
A
neural tube
17
Q
pineal gland is from
A
neural tube
18
Q
whats from the NCCs?
A
PNS (schwann), melanocytes, chromaffin cells of medulla, C cells of thyroid, odontoblasts/ skull bones, endocardial cushions
19
Q
testes and ovaries are from?
A
mesoderm
20
Q
what organs are from endoderm?
A
Liver, lungs, gallbladder, pancrease, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicles
21
Q
what teratogen causes vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma?
A
diethylstilbesterol
22
Q
aplastic cutis congenita caused by
A
methimazole
23
Q
what does methylmercury cause as a teratogen
A
neurotoxicity
24
Q
Xrays as a teratogen?
A
intellectual disability, microcephaly
25
smooth philtrum, thin vermillion border, small palpebral fissures, retardation, microcephaly
fetal alcohol syndrome
26
explain how dizygotic vs monozgotic twins are made
dizygotic: 2 eggs, 2 sperm
monozygotic: 1 egg, 1 sperm, cleavage
27
what is the housing situation like for dizygotic twins in the uterus?
DIchorionic DIamniotic
28
when does cleavage occur for monozygotic twins to be DIchorionic DIamniotic
when they are at 2-cell stage
| 0-4 days
29
when does cleavage occur for monozygotic twins to be MONOchorionic DIamniotic
at morula stage
4-8 days
*********most common
30
when does cleavage occur for monozygotic twins to be MONOchorionic MONOamniotic
at blastocyst stage
| 8-12 days
31
when does cleavage occur for monozygotic twins to be conjoined?
after embryonic disk is formed (with chorionic cavity and amniotic cavity)
>13 days
32
cytotrophoblast
inner chorionic villus, derived from fetus
| makes the "C"ells
33
syncytiotrophoblast
outer chorionic villus, derived from fetus
| makes the "signalling" (hCG)
34
decidua basalis
derived from mom's endometrium. maternal blood in lacunae for exchange
35
where are umbilical a's (2) and v's (1) derived from?
allantois
36
urachus
yolk sac becomes allantois which becomes urachus
| urachus joins the bladder to the umbilicus
37
vitelline duct is what?
degenerates at wk 7
| used to connect yolk sac/umbilicus to midgut
38
when the vitelline duct partially closes what is it called?
Meckel's diverticulum
39
Aortic Arch 1
Maxillary A
40
Aortic Arch 2
Stapedial A and Hyoid A
41
Aortic Arch 3
Common Carotid and Internal Carotid A
42
Aortic Arch 4
left- true aortic arch
| right- R subclavian
43
Aortic Arch 6
pulmonary As and PDA
44
what is each branchial apparatus derived from?
(1) cleft
(2) arch
(3) pouch
(1) ectoderm
(2) mesoderm and NCC
(3) endoderm
45
what does branchial cleft 1 become
external auditory meatus
46
what does Branchial Arch 1 become?
(CN V2, V3)
muscles- m/l pterygoid, masseter, temporalis, myolohyoid, ant digastric, tensor tympani, anterior 2/3 tongue
carilage- maxilla, zygomatic, mandibular, meckel, malleus and incus
47
what does Branchial Arch 2 become?
CN VII
Muscles- Stapedius M, facial m, stylohoid, platysma, post belly of digastric
cartilage- stapedes, styloid, lesser horn of hyoid, stylohyoid
48
what does Branchial Arch 3 become?
CN IX
muscles- stylopharyngeus
cartilage- greater horn of hyoid
49
what does branchial arch 4/6 become?
CN X
arytenoids, cricoid, thyroid
pharyngeal and laryngeal m
50
Branchial Pouch 1
Ears- eustachian tube, middle ear, mastoid air cells
51
Branchial Pouch 2
palatine tonsils
52
Branchial Pouch 3
Thymus
| Inferior Parathyroid
53
Branchial Pouch 4
Superior Parathyroid
Ultimobranchial body
C cells of thyroid
54
Mesonephric duct vs Paramesonephric Duct
Paramesonephric Duct= Mullerian Ducts= female internal structures
Mesopheric Duct= Wolffian Ducts= male internal structures (Except Prostate)
55
what does SRY do?
testis devpt via Testis determining factor
56
what does Leydig cells do?
Testosterone production which
(1) stimulates devpt of mesonephric ducts
(2) become DHT to make external male genitalia via 5 alpha reductase
57
What do sertoli cells do?
Mullerian Inhibiting Factor
| stop paramesonephric duct devpt
58
male Paramesonephric duct remnant?
| female mesoneprhic duct remant?
appendix testis
| Gartner duct
59
what does mullerian agenesis look like?
female has secondary sex (from intact ovaries), but no menstruation bc no uterus
60
what happens if there is lack of MIF
BOTH female and male internal features develop in a male that has 2ndary male sex bc Leydig intact
61
glans penis=
glans clitoris
62
scrotum=
labia majora
63
corpus cavernosum/spongiosum=
vestibular bulbs
64
bulbourethral glands=
Bartholin glands
65
ventral shaft of penis=
labia minora
66
hypospadius
early urethral opening on ventral penis
| urethral folds fusion problem
67
episapdius
early urethral opening on dorsal penis
due to a genital tubercle issue
assn: Exstrophy of bladder
68
venous drainage of testis/ovaries
L--> L gonadalV--> L renal V
| R-->R gonadal V--> IVC
69
lympatic drainage of :
| ovaries/testis
para-aortic
70
lymph drainage of: scrotum/labia majora
superficial inguinal nodes
71
lymph drainage of prostate/ cervix/ prox vag
internal iliac
| remember prostate ca spread to bones happens via VEINS not lymph
72
lymph drainage of penis
deep inguinal nodes
73
who houses the ovarian vessels
infundibulopelvic ligament/ suspensory lig
| ovary: lateral pelvic wall
74
who houses the uterine vessels?
cardinal ligament
| uterus: lateral pelvic wall
75
round ligament?
uterus: labia majora (gubernaculum dervitive)
76
ovarian ligament
connects ovary to uterus
77
what type of tissue is external genitals up till transitional zone of cervix?
stratified squamous
78
what type of tissue is transitional zone of cervix to all other interal genitalia
simple columnar
79
what is the ovary
simple cuboidal
80
pelvic fracture injures what part of male urethra? where does urine pool?
posterior, membranous
| retropubic space
81
what does a perineal saddle injury affect the male urethra? where does urine pool
anterior, bulbar
| deep buck's fascia to superficial perineal space
82
what's the process of male sexual response
(1) erection- pelvic N (PSNS)
(2) emission - hypogastric N (SNS)
(3) ejaculation- visceral and somatic N (pudendal)
83
what are the female homologs of (1) sertoli cells (2) Leydig cells
(1) granulosa
| (2) theca
84
what are the three types of estrogen?
(1) Estradiol- made my granulosa cells
(2) Estrone- made by adipose
(3) Estriol- made by placenta
85
what stage is an egg in before ovulation?
| after ovulation before fertilization?
- Prophase I of Meiosis1 (46 sister chromatids)-2N
| - Metaphase II of Meiosis 2 (23 sister chromatids, 1 polar body)- 1N
86
how long is follicular phase? how long is luteal phase?
(1) follicular- variable
| (2) luteal is last 14 days
87
describe the menstrual cycle?
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to make estrogen. this estrogen causes an LH spike, which brings on ovulation. which forms corpus luteum, this produces progestrone which maintains endometrium in secretory phase. Corpus luteum becomes albicans, progesterone stops.. menses
88
when is implantation? hCG in serum? in urine?
implantation at 6 days post fert
serum hcg 1 wk post fert
urine hcg 2 wk post fert
89
whats the role of hCG
acts like is to maintain corpus luteum (and progesterone) for first 8-10 wk until placenta makes estriol and progesterone
90
human placental lactogen
makes insulin, causes insulin resistance in order to shunt glucose/aa/ fa etc to baby
91
apgar stands for
appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
92
what's specific for menopause?
high FSH (loss of negative feedback, bc low estrogen)
93
Klinefelter's Syndrome
due to non-disjunction, 47 XXY (one bar body) in a male with euchanoid, long extremities, gynecomastia, and fibrosis of semiferous tubules (small, hard testicles) by puberty causing low testosterone levels, high estrogen and FSH
94
Turner's Syndrome
due to nondisjunction or mosiacism (mitotic error). 45XO.
- short, shielf chest, cystic hygroma, streak gonads, bicuspid aorta, aortic coarction, horsehow kidney, lymphatic defects
no menstruation. ovaries fibrosed, low estrogen, high LH, FSH
95
placental aromatase deficiency
causes hirsutism and voice deepening in pregnant mom, and virilization of girl baby
96
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
causes 2ndry sexual female development in XY. testes in labia majora. rudimentary vagina present, but uterus and ovaries are not
97
5 alpha reductase def
XY, looks ambiguous until puberty where excess testosterone causes 2ndary male devpt
98
Kallmann Syndrome
GnRH does not migrate from cribiform to hypothalamus. Anosmia + failure to complete secondary puberty
99
molar pregnancy signs
early pre-ecclampsia (before 20 wks),
high bHCG
vaginal bleeding, and excessive uterine enlargement
100
complete mole vs partial mole
complete: no egg genetic material+ 1 sperm (which replicates--> 46XX) or +2 sperm (rare, 46XY) .. no fetal tissue, VERY high bHCG. "snowstorm"/honeycomb appearance. can become choriocarcinome (2%)
partial- 1 egg+ 2 sperm. 69 XXX, 69 XXY, 69 XYY. yes has fetal parts. bHCG not as elevated.
101
choriocarcinoma
post pregnancy in mom or baby. malignancy of trophoblastic tissue (no villi present). can "cannonball" to lung . increase bHCG
102
abrupt painful 3rd semester bleed
placenta abrupta , placenta separates from uterine wall before delivery
103
placenta won't come out or comes out in pieces
(1) placenta accreta --- placenta attaches to myometrial surface
(2) placenta increta -- placenta attaches into myometrial surface
(3) placenta percreta--- placenta attaches to uterine serosa through myometrial surface (can attach to bladder or rectum)
104
painless bleeding third semester.
placenta previa- attachment of placenta over or near internal os
105
fetal bradycardia, painless bleeding, associated with velamentous umbilical insertion .. emergency C section needed
vasa previa
106
causes of polyhydramnios vs oligohydramnios
polyhydramnios: anencephaly, esophogeal.duodenal atresia, maternal diabetes, multiple gestation
oligohydramnios: renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves, placental insuff
107
HELLP syndrome
hemolysis
liver enzymes elevated
low platelet count
severe preeclampsia
schistiocytes
108
gestational hypertension vs pre-ecclampsia
both are >140/90 at >20 wks gest, but pre-ecclampsiaincludes proteinuria or end organ damage. pre-ecclampsia also is related to a pre-pregnancy history of htt, or DM, or CKD, or SLE
109
ecclampsia
pre-ecclampsia + seizures
| death due to stroke, IC hemorrhage, or ARDS
110
gyn malignancy rates in US?
endometrial> ovarian> cervical
| mortality: ovarian> endometrial> cervical
