Reproduction, Fertility And Contraception Flashcards
(73 cards)
1
Q
What are the names of the two gametes?
A
Sperm and eggs (ovum)
2
Q
What are the parts of the male reproductive system? (6)
A
- urethra
- penis
- scrotum
- prostate gland
- sperm tube
- testes
3
Q
What is the urethra?
A
Tube where sperm leaves the penis
4
Q
What is the penis?
A
Organ that introduces sperm into the vagina
5
Q
What is the scrotum?
A
The sack that holds and protects the testes at a temperature lower than body temp
6
Q
What is the prostate gland?
A
Adds fluid to nourish the sperm
7
Q
What is the sperm tube?
A
Carries sperm from the testes to the urethra
8
Q
What do testes do?
A
Produce sperm
9
Q
How are sperm cells adapted? (3)
A
- they have a flagellum (tail) - allowing them to swim to the egg
- they are haploid
- they have many mitochondria for energy production
10
Q
What are the parts of the female reproductive system? (5)
A
- ovary
- cervix
- vagina
- oviduct
- uterus
11
Q
What is the purpose of ovaries?
A
Produce eggs (ova)
12
Q
What is the cervix?
A
The opening of the uterus, widens during childbirth
13
Q
What is the purpose of the vagina?
A
The penis places sperm here during sex
14
Q
What is the purpose of the oviduct?
A
Carries the ova (eggs) to the uterus, fertilisation takes place here
15
Q
What is the purpose of the uterus?
A
Will nourish the developing foetus if pregnancy results
16
Q
In terms of chromosomes, what happens during fertilisation?
A
Haploid cells join to make a diploid cell
Half + half = full
17
Q
What is formed by fertilisation?
A
A zygote (first cell)
18
Q
What happens to a zygote after fertilisation (3)
A
- divides by mitosis and grows into a ball of cells - embryo
- divides further and differentiates to form tissues
- travels from oviduct to uterus and is implanted for nourishment
19
Q
What two structures form in the uterus after implantation?
A
- umbilical cord
- placenta
20
Q
What forms around the embryo after implantation?
A
Amnion (protective membrane)
21
Q
What fluid is contained within the amnion?
A
Amniotic fluid
22
Q
What is the purpose of amniotic fluid?
A
To cushion the embryo
23
Q
What is the next stage in development after embryo
A
Foetus
24
Q
How does the foetus gain useful substances and remove waste?
A
The umbilical cord and placenta
25
Name **two useful substances** required by a foetus
- oxygen
- dissolved nutrients e.g. glucose and amino acids
26
Name **two waste excretory products** produced by a foetus
- carbon dioxide
- urea
27
How is the **placenta adapted** for **diffusion**? (**2**)
- It has a very **large surface area**
- at the **point of contact** with the **uterine lining** due to **villi**
- (or **between the uterus wall and placenta**)
28
What is contained **within** the **umbilical cord**? (**2**)
- umbilical vein
- umbilical artery
29
What is **contained** within the **umbilical artery**?
In what **direction** does the **blood travel**?
1. Urea, carbon dioxide and other waste products
2. from the foetus to the mother
30
What is **contained** within the **umbilical vein**?
In what **direction** does the **blood travel**?
1. Oxygen, glucose, amino acids and other nutrients
2. Mother to foetus
31
How is the **placenta structured**?
**Rich** in **maternal blood vessels** - rich in oxygen and other nutrients
32
In the **placenta**, how is **maternal and foetal blood** *separated*? (**2**)
- *Separated* by **thin membranes**
- allowing **diffusion of gases and nutrients** in **both directions**
33
What **further increases** the **surface area** *between* the **uterine wall** and **placenta**
**Small villi** - which extend to the uterus wall
34
What are the **two main sex hormones** and **where** are they **produced**?
- testosterone - produced by testes
- oestrogen - produced by ovaries
35
What are the **main secondary sexual characteristics** in **males** (**5**)
- body hair and pubic hair
- sex organs (genitals) enlarge
- body more muscular
- voice deepens
- sex awareness and drive increase
36
What are the **main secondary sexual characteristics** in **females** (**5**)
- pubic hair and armpit hair
- sex organs enlarge and breasts develop
- pelvis and hips widen
- menstruation begins
- sex awareness and drive increase
37
**How long** does **the menstrual cycle** last?
28 days
38
How do **oestrogen levels change** during **the menstrual cycle**?
- **lowest** during **menstration**
- **highest** during **ovulation**
39
How do **progesterone levels change** during **the menstrual cycle**?
- **lowest** during **mentration**
- **highest** in the **days after ovulation**
40
What **two hormones** are key to the **menstrual cycle**?
- oestrogen
- progesterone
41
What is the **purpose of progesterone**? (**2**)
- To **build up** and **maintain** the **thick uterine lining**
- **development of the placenta** and *other structures* **when pregnant**
42
**Why** does **menstruation** occur?
**Oestrogen and progesterone** levels are **low**
43
**What** is **menstruation**?
The **shedding** of the **uterine lining**
44
**What** is **ovulation**?
When an **egg is released** from the **ovary**
45
What is the **first process** in the **menstrual cycle**?
Menstruation
46
Give **two reasons** for **infertility**
Any two from:
- ovaries can’t produce eggs
- oviducts blocked or twisted (can be due to infection)
- STIs cause complications
- uterine lining not developed properly
- uterine lining too acidic or thick (hostile conditions)
- not enough sperm or unhealthy sperm
- impotence
47
What causes male infertility? (**3**)
- impotence
- complications from STI/Ds
- low quality or quantity of sperm
48
What **two options** are available for couples with **infertility** problems?
- fertility drugs (hormone treatment)
- In-vitro fertilisation (IVF)
49
What do **fertility drugs** do?
- **Change hormone levels** in women
- to **produce more eggs**
50
When is **hormone treatment not viable** for infertile women?
**Other problems** such as blocked oviducts mean more eggs doesn’t cure infertility
51
What happens during IVF? (**7**)
- women given fertility drugs to produce several eggs
- eggs collected from ovaries surgically
- sperm from a donor mixed with egg *in vitro*
- the zygote *divides and differentiates* by mitosis to form an embryo
- while this happens, doctors look for genetic abnormalities - determine if it’s **viable**
- embryo placed in mother’s uterus (she is given hormones for thickening)
- embryo implants in uterine lining
52
What are the **3 types of contraception**?
Give an example of each.
1.
- mechanical
- chemical
- surgical
2.
- condom (mechanical)
- contraceptive pill (chemical)
- vasectomy (male) (surgical)
53
What are the **advantages** of **male condoms** as a method of contraception? (**2**)
- easily obtained
- protects against STDs/STIs
54
What is the **disadvantage** of **male condoms** as a method of contraception?
Unreliable if not used properly
55
How do **male condoms** work
Acts as a physical barrier for sperm
56
How do **female condoms** work?
Acts as a **barrier** so sperm **can’t pass up** the female reproductive system
57
What are the **advantages** of **female condoms** as a method of contraception? (**2**)
- easily obtained
- protects against STDs/STIs
58
What is the **disadvantage** of **female condoms** as a method of contraception?
Unreliable if not used properly
59
How does a **contraceptive pill** work?
Prevents ovaries releasing eggs by changing hormone levels
60
What is the **advantage** of **contraceptive pills** as a method of contraception?
Very reliable
61
What are the **disadvantages** of **contraceptive pills** as a method of contraception? (**3**)
- can have **side affects** like weight gain, mood swings and increased chance of blood clots
- has to be taken daily to work (for around 21 days)
- don’t prevent STI/Ds
62
**What** are **implants**
and
**how do they work**?
1. Small tubes inserted under the skin in the arm
2. Slowly release hormones to prevent development and release of an egg
63
What are the **advantages** of **implants** as a method of contraception? (**2**)
- very reliable
- can work for up to 3 years
64
What are the **disadvantages** of **implants** as a method of contraception? (**2**)
- do not protect against STIs/STDs
- can prevent menstruation taking place
65
What is a **vasectomy**?
The **cutting of sperm tubes**, preventing sperm from entering the penis
66
What is the **advantage** of **vasectomies** as a method of contraception?
Virtually 100% reliable
67
What is the **disadvantage** of **vasectomies** as a method of contraception?
Very difficult or impossible to reverse
68
What is the **advantage** of **female sterilisation** as a method of contraception?
Virtually 100% reliable
69
How are females sterilised? (**female sterilisation**)
**Oviducts are cut**, preventing ova from moving down the oviduct and being fertilised
70
What is the **disadvantage** of **female sterilisation** as a method of contraception?
Very difficult or impossible to reverse
71
What are the **two purposes** of **oestrogen**?
- initial buildup of uterine lining
- release of eggs during ovulation
72
Over which **days** in the **menstrual cycle** does:
1. Menstruation
2. Ovulation occur
- 1 - 5
- 13 - 15
73
Over which **days** in the **menstrual cycle** can **pregnancy** result?
11 - 17
