reproduction in man

Question 1

what is the scrotum + function?

Answer 1

it is outside the body cavity. it allows the testes to be exposed to a temperature lower than the body cavity ==> lower temperature is important for proper sperm development

Question 2

what the sources of testosterone?

Answer 2

Testis (singular), adrenal gland

Question 3

where is the cowper’s gland, prostate gland and semial vesicle?
function?

Answer 3

the prostate gland is larger than the semial vesicle and cowper’s gland. they all produce semen
- semen contains nutrients (glucose, proteins) to activate the sperm so that the sperm can swim faster

Question 4

function of the penis

Answer 4

an erectile organ
enters the vagina
deposit sperm-containing semen

Question 5

function of the oviduct

Answer 5

is it a narrow muscular tube where mature eggs are deposited
Fertilisation occurs

Question 6

the flagellum allows the sperm to swim towards the egg so the sperm can be…

Answer 6

motile

Question 7

uterus

Answer 7

the organ where the foetus develops during pregnancy
it is elastic and muscular ==> contracts to push the foetus out during birth

Question 8

how does the ovum move?

Answer 8

oviduct: peristaltic movement and sweeping of the cilia

Question 9

difference in the number of sperms and ovum

Answer 9

ovum: 1 mature ovum produced monthly during ovulation
sperm: 300 million/ejaculate

Question 10

Definition of fertilisation is NOT the definition of sexual reproduction!!!! what is the 2 definitions?

Answer 10

sexual reproduction: when the haploid nuclei fuse together to form a diploid zygote and is genetically dissimilar form its offspring
fertillisation: fusion of the sperm nucleus and egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote

Question 11

function of the acrosome?

Answer 11

• veiscle containing **enzymes **
• help the sperm to break down part of the egg membrane (outer +cell surface) during fertillisation

Question 12

what it another term for uterine lining?

Answer 12

endometrium

Question 13

process of implantation

Question 14

what is the placenta and its function?

Question 15

what are follicles?

Answer 15

follicles are egg cells that are surrounded by a layer of follicle cells

Question 16

menstrural cycle: when is the ovulation, luteal phase?

Answer 16

ovulation is always 14 days before the next menstrual cycle
the luteal phase is the last 14 days before the next mentrual cycle

the start of the next menstrual cycle is determined by the start of the

Question 17

what is ovulation?

Answer 17

it is the rupturing of the graffian follicle to release the meture egg (ovum) into the oviduct

Question 18

hormones and the mentrual cycle

Question 19

summary of events in the mentural cycle, inclusing the fertile and infertile periods

Question 20

duration of the luteal phase is constant throughout any period. true/false?

Answer 20

true

Question 21

which are the days that are fertile period and why?

Answer 21

day 10-15
- sperm can survive in the female reproductive system for 3-5 days but ovum can only survive for 24h in the ovidut
- during these 6 days there is the highest chance for fertillistion to heppen (defintiion)

Question 22

what is the function of progesterone and its target organ?

Answer 22

• further thickens the endometrium to prepare it for fertillisation and pregnancy
• it inhibits the production of FSH to prevent the maturation of primary follicles

Question 23

significance of menstration

Answer 23

1. prevents bacteria/yeast infection due to growth within mucus
2. thicken endometium and increase the size of the uterus to prepare for pregnancy
3. tumour formation from the unfertilllised egg
4. widen hips for childbirth delivery

Question 24

what does the human immunodeficiency virus lead to? and how?

Answer 24

• it lead to AIDS which is a sexually transmitted infection
• it is a retrovirus which contains an enzyme that transcribes RAN back into DNA
• it destroys the body’s immune system by attacking a type of WBC
• the immune system is **less effective in fighting agianst infections **
• lead to the rise of opportunistic infections like cervical cancer, peumonia and tuberclolosis, kaposi sarcoma
• HIV infected may die from opportunistics infections due to the immune system’s inability to fight off the infection

Question 25

what are the ways HIV is spread?

Answer 25

1. **sexual intercourse** with an infected person 2. recieving a **blood transfusion** from an infected donor 3. during **pregnancy and childbirth**, an infected mother passes the virus to her child 4. sharing and reduing **contaminated** needles with an infected person during drug use, tatos and piercings

Question 26

what are some ways where HIV is not spread

Answer 26

1. insect bites 2. touching

Question 27

methods to reduce the spread of HIV

Answer 27

1. **abstinence**, protected sexual intercourse by using a **latex condom** 2. **screening** of blood in a blood bank for HIV infection 3. infected mothers should **give birth by caesarian section** to avoid the risk of transmission (through blood) and **breastfeeling should be avoided** 4.** not sharing** syringes and razors, visit only **reputable and reliable** operators, needles are **sterillised or disposable**

Question 28

What are the available contraceptives and what are their pros and cons?