Reproduction System 2.0

Question 1

Define isogamous gametes

Answer 1

Same size (male and female gametes)

Question 2

Define Anisogamous gametes

Answer 2

Different sized gametes

Question 3

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 3

In oviduct

Question 4

Chances of conception each cycle? Miscarriage (12 weeks)?

Answer 4

20-25%

Question 5

How long for zygote to each uterus?

Answer 5

3-5 days, helped by cilia

Question 6

What is morula?

Answer 6

Zygote divides into 16 cells

Question 7

What is a blastocyst?

Answer 7

Fluid filled space in center of egg.
Made of:
- Trophoblast
- Embryoblast

Question 8

What does trophoblast do?

Answer 8

Develops into chorion and secretes hCG (same effect as LH)

Question 9

What does embryoblast do?

Answer 9

Develops into embryo

Question 10

What does Chorion become part of?

Answer 10

Placenta + outermost layer

Question 11

What is gastrulation?

Answer 11

Form germ layers (rearrangement of cells):
- Ectoderm (outer)
- Mesoderm (middle)
- Endoderm (inner)

Question 12

What is differentiation?

Answer 12

Ability to form different types of cells

Question 13

What is a gastrula?

Answer 13

Formed from the blastocyst, it is also hollow

Question 14

What is neurulation?

Answer 14

Formation of the neural tube, which develops into the CNS

Question 15

When does heart beating start?

Answer 15

Neurulation

Question 16

What happens week 4-6?

Answer 16

Week 4:
- Fast growth + differentiation
- organs develop
-0.6 cm
Week 5:
- brain develop + eye opens (no eyelids)
- 1.3 cm
Week 6:
- limbs develop + brain and gonads make hormones

Question 17

What happens weeks 7-8?

Answer 17

• organs formed and CNS coordinates activity
• Skeleton of cartilage forms
• eyelids close eyes
• Nostrils covered in mucus
• external genitalia forms
• paper clip (size + mass)
• Called a fetus

Question 18

Trimesters of pregnancy

Answer 18

1-12 = first
13-24 = second
25-40 = third

Question 19

Extraembryonic structures after implantation

Answer 19

• Chorion
• Amnion
• Allantois
• Yolk sac

Question 20

What is the Amnion?

Answer 20

Fluid filled sac (fuses with chorion)

Question 21

What is the Allantois?

Answer 21

Outpocketing of gut
- develops into bladder and connects to umbilical cord

Question 22

What is the Yolk Sac?

Answer 22

Site of blood cell formation + digestive tract
- Absorbed + becomes digestive tract (humans)
- First meal for animals

Question 23

What is the placenta?

Answer 23

Biggest plate formed by mom and baby

Question 24

When is placenta formed?

Answer 24

Week 5

Question 25

Purpose of placenta?

Answer 25

- Give nutrients + remove waste (carries O2 by umbilical vein, to heart) - 2 umbilical arteries carry waste away from fetus to placenta * Mom and baby blood don’t mix)

Question 26

What does placenta secrete by week 10? Why?

Answer 26

Progesterone + estrogen - Keep baby inside - No menstruate - Promote reproductive formation

Question 27

What do gills form into? (Humans)

Answer 27

Ossicles

Question 28

Define Parturition

Answer 28

Labour and delivery

Question 29

Phased of parturition?

Answer 29

1. dilation 2. Expulsion 3. placental stage

Question 30

What happens in Phase 1 of labour?

Answer 30

- relaxin hormone made by placenta softens cervix + loosen ligaments and tissues between pelvic bones - Head of fetus drops on cervix (dilation) - nerve impulse to hypothalamus (secrete oxytocin from PPG)

Question 31

Oxytocin (peptide hormone) positive feedback process?

Answer 31

- uterine contractions = pressure in cervix so dilate more - More dilation = stronger message to hypo. And more oxytocin released (Repeat)

Question 32

What happens in 2nd phase of labour?

Answer 32

- water breaks (amniotic sac breaks and amniotic fluid released) - expulsion after dilated to 10cm

Question 33

What happens in phase 3 of labour?

Answer 33

- Placenta is expelled (afterbirth)

Question 34

Why induce labour?

Answer 34

- too long fetus stays in body (not enough nutrients and dies) - amniotic sac depletes

Question 35

How are identical twins formed? Fraternal?

Answer 35

Identical: - Embryo splits in half - ideally different placenta so no hogging Fraternal: - Two eggs are fertilized by 2 different sperm

Question 36

What is lactation?

Answer 36

- Breasts secrete colostrum (dense nutrient) - Prolactin starts milk production (progesterone + estrogen levels drop) - milk is made in alveoli within lobules

Question 37

What does suckling do?

Answer 37

- release oxytocin stimulation - Oxytocin contracts lobules to release milk - stops LH and FSH so prevents more pregnancy (menstruation + ovulation)

Question 38

What does breast milk do?

Answer 38

Contains nutrients - immune cells too (passive immunity) - contains molecules needed for maturation of the digestive system - milk is tailored to baby’s needs over time

Question 39

What are teratogens

Answer 39

- Anything that causes deformities in structure of baby during pregnancy Ex. Alcohol, medication, drugs, etc.

Question 40

Bacterial or Viral: Chlamydia

Answer 40

Bacterial

Question 41

B or V: Genital herpes

Answer 41

Viral

Question 42

B or V: Gonorrhea

Answer 42

Bacterial

Question 43

B or V: Hepatitis B

Answer 43

Viral

Question 44

B or V: HIV/AIDS

Answer 44

Viral

Question 45

B or V: HPV (Human papilloma virus)

Answer 45

Viral

Question 46

B or V: Syphilis

Answer 46

Bacterial

Question 47

Define morphogenesis

Answer 47

Events to make distinct structures

Question 48

T/F: prostaglandins increase sensitivity of uterus to oxytocin

Answer 48

True