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Unit 4 > Reproductive > Flashcards

Reproductive Flashcards

1
Q

Is the female sex cell is a spermatozoa or a ova

A

Ova

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2
Q

What type of cells is a sex cell

A

Haploid cells

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3
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes in a female cell

A

23

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4
Q

What type of chromosome is in a female

A

X chromosomes (XX)

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5
Q

What type of chromosome is in a male

A

Y chromosome (XY)

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6
Q

What makes up the male reproductive system. (3)

A

Organs
A duct system
Accessory glands

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7
Q

What are the organs in the male reproductive system (3)

A

Testes
Scrotum
Penis

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7
Q

What are the organs in the male reproductive system

A

Testes
Scrotum
Penis

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8
Q

What is included in the duct system of a male(5)

A

epididymis
Testes
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct
Urethra

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9
Q

What are the accessory glands in the male reproductive system (4)

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Cowper glands or bulbourethral

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10
Q

Male reproductive system
What does the vas deferens do

A

sperm storage and transport organ
Connect epididymis to the urethra

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11
Q

Male reproductive system
What is Urethra

A

Come from bladder and meets the van deferens at the base of the penis and runs to the outside ofthe penis

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12
Q

Where does sperm travel from (in order)
a) testes, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis, ejaculatory duct and then released out of the penis into urine.

b)Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra ejactulatory duct before being expelled out of the penis during ejaculation

c) Testes, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vas deferensand urethra and released out of penis by urine

d) Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra before being expelled out of the penis during ejaculation

A

d

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13
Q

What is the functions of the male reproductive system

A

formation of sperm
produce hormone
transmission of sperm to female

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14
Q

When male hormone produce what do they do (2)

A

Production of gametes
Regulate sexual maturation and development of secondary sex characteristics

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15
Q

what are the five feature in the testes

A

Ductus deferens
Epidermis
Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubule
Tunic vaginalis

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15
Q

what are the five structures in the testes

A

Ductus deferens
Epidermis
Tunica albuginea
Seminiferous tubule
Tunic vaginalis

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16
Q

Where is sperm produced In the testes called

A

seminiferous tubule

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17
Q

Where is sperm stored in the testes called

A

Epidiymis

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18
Q

How many day does it take for sperm to mature

A

30

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19
Q

What specialised cells are in the testes and what do they do

A

Laydig cells

Where testosterone is made and synthesised

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20
Q

Testes
What does the tunica vaginalis do

A

is a membrane that covers the testes

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21
Q

How many testes are there

A

2

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22
Q

Where are the testes located in the

A

scrotum

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23
Q

What is the scrotum

A

A sack of skin that holds the testes
Located outside of the body.

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24
Q

Why is scrotum located outside the body

A

sperm can be damaged to high temperature

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25
Q

What does the penis do

A

deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

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26
Q

What are the three sections in a penis

A

Penis glans
shaft (outside)
Root (inside)

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27
Q

What are the glans of the penis covered by

A

skin called foreskin or prepuce which covers the tip of penis

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28
Q

Where does the urethra runs in the penis

A

Down the centre

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29
Q

The opening if the urethra in the glans called

A

Urethral meatus

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30
Q

Male reproductive system
Where does the duct system start off at

A

epididymis

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31
Q

What is the tissue type of the Cylindrical layer

A

Muscular
Connective

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32
Q

Male reproductive
How long is the epididymis

A

4cm

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33
Q

where is epididymis located and what is it described as

A

Lateral side of the testes
Long coiled tube

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34
Q

What does the epididymis do

A

sperm mature and stored

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35
Q

What happens if sperm is not ejaculated what occurs

A

sperm die and be absorbed back into the body by phagocytized by epithelial cells

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36
Q

Male reproductive
What happens during ejaculation

A

Smooth muscle wall of epididymis contract strongly to move sperm from epididymis to vas deferens

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37
Q

What vas deferens also referred as

A

Ductus deferens

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38
Q

How long are the vas deferens

A

45cm

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39
Q

Male reproductive
Where is the vas deferens located (4)

A

runs through spermatic cord
into pelvic cavity
loops medially
depends in the posterior bladder

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40
Q

What is located at the end of the vas deferens that is swollen what is it called

A

ampulla

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41
Q

Male reproductive
What is the function of the vas deferens
By what waves

A

propel sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
peristaltic waves

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42
Q

Male reproductive
What does the urethra carry

A

Urine and semen

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43
Q

Male reproductive
What are the three sections of the urethra

A

posterior
membranous
Spongy (penile)

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44
Q

Male reproductive
What section of the urethra is surrounded by prostrate gland

A

prostatic

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45
Q

Male reproductive
What section of the urethra is in the urogenital diaphragm

A

Membranous

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46
Q

Male reproductive
What section of the urethra runs through the penis to the external urethral orifice

A

spongy (penile)

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47
Q

Male reproductive
What is the urethra lined with a and what does it do

A

mucosa lined
Secrete mucous into lining before ejaculation

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48
Q

Male reproductive
Where is the seminal vesicle located

A

Behind the bladder

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49
Q

Male reproductive
What is the size of the seminal vesicle

A

5-7cm

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50
Q

Male reproductive
What does the seminal vesicle do

A

secretes the fluid that account to 60 to 70% of the volume of sperm.

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51
Q

MAle reproductive
What is located in the seminal vesicle

A

Duct that joins the vas deferens at the end and where it will deposit fluid to join sperm.

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52
Q

Male reproductive
What does the seminal fluid provide

A

transport medium for sperm
Nutrition for sperm
Mobility- hormone and enzymes
Coagulation- sticky
decrease cervical mucous
Neutralise acidic condition of vagina
induce contraction of vagina in the fallopian tubes to move sperm towards ova

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53
Q

What is the shape of the prostrate gland and where is it located

A

doughnut shaped chestnut size
base of the badder, surround proximal segment of the urethra

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54
Q

What does the prostrate gland do

A

produce secretions in the prostatic urethra via several ducts and makes up majority of the rest of the semen volume

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55
Q

Why are prostrate glands important

A

help with contractions of the penis from the semen.

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56
Q

what is prostrate secretion

A

milky and acidic

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57
Q

Male reproductive system
substances can help prostrate secretion do what (2)

A

make sperm be able to swim better once deposit in the female reproductive tract
prostrate specific antigen that can activate sperm

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58
Q

What can Cowper gland also be called as

A

Bulbourethral gland

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59
Q

Where are Cowper glands located and size

A

Below prostrate
pea sized

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60
Q

What does the Cowper gland produce

A

thick clear mucus that runs into the urethra

61
Q

What does the Cowper gland secretion fluid do

A

it neutralised the acidic urine remaining in the urethra

62
Q

How much is semen is propelled out of the male duct system during ejaculation

A

small (2-5ml)

63
Q

What is the average amount of sperm released per ml

A

50 to 130 million

64
Q

Male reproductive system
What is the passage of semen assisted by (4)

A

Ejaculation propel sperm speed- 500cm/second
Accessory gland secretion
Female orgasm
Chemical signals towards oocyte

65
Q

What is the maximum amount of time does it need to be for sperm to reach Fallopian tubes before degenerate

A

48 hours

66
Q

What are the functions of the female reproductive system

A

formation of eggs
reception of sperm
environment for fertilisation and foetal development
Childbirth
Lactation

67
Q

What are the female reproductive organs are divide into

A

External genitalia
internal genitalia

68
Q

What is located in the external genitalia top to bottom

A

mon pubis
clitoris
Urethral opening
labia minora
labia majora
vestibule
Hymen (Tore)
perineum
anus

69
Q

What is the mon pubis

A

is the pubic area

70
Q

What is the purpose of the clitoris

A

covering over it which is the prepuce

71
Q

What is the labia minora

A

2 sets of inner skin folds
smaller and hairless

72
Q

What is the labia majora

A

2 sets of the outer skin fold
larger with hair

73
Q

What is the internal genitalia

A

vagina

74
Q

Why is the vagina acidic

A

to prevent infections entering

75
Q

Why does the vagina have a good vascular supply

A

by supporting veins and arteries

76
Q

What is located above the vagina

A

cervix

77
Q

What is the structure of the cervix if a girl or women has not had any previous pregnancies

A

round donut shape with a little round hole

78
Q

What is the structure of the cervix if a girl or women has had a child

A

round shape with a slit in the middle

79
Q

What does the canal in the middle surface of the cervix lead to

A

uterus

80
Q

What is the structure of the uterus

A

Muscular structure

81
Q

What comes off the uterus

A

two Fallopian tubes

82
Q

What is located at the end of the Fallopian tubes

A

ovaries that are supported by ligaments

83
Q

What does the ovaries produce

A

female sex hormones and ova

84
Q

which one is plural and which one is singular
ova
ovum

A

ova- plural
ovum- singular

85
Q

How many eggs is a girl born with

A

1-2 million eggs in ovaries

86
Q

Why the amount of eggs left after puberty is so low

A

due to the eggs degenerate

87
Q

Female reproduction when hit puberty
What does the ovaries contain

A

ovarian follicles at various stages of maturity

88
Q

At day one of the menestrual cycle and what start to happen after

A

eggs are within immature follicles
the follicles get bigger and are called graphene follicles start to mature

89
Q

What happens at day 14 menestrual cycle

A

ovarian follicles have matured and will rupture out of ovary and be absorbed in the fallopian tube

90
Q

What is left in the ovaries once follicles have been ruptured

A

structure called corpus lithium

91
Q

Why is corpus lithium important

A

produce progesterone

92
Q

Maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation is triggered by what hormones and where are they located

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) produced by anterior pituitary gland.

follicle maturation - Oestrogen produced by ovaries

93
Q

What two type of tissues are the ovaries made up of

A

cortex - follicle mature
medulla- centre

94
Q

What will the ovaries produce once a months that they take turns

A

one ovarian follicle

95
Q

What could happen with the maturation of the follicles

A

two follicles could be matured and released which result in non identical twins

96
Q

What can menstrual cycle be affected by (3)

A

hormone
medicine
physical state of a women

97
Q

How many pregnancy’s a women can have within a life

A

450 times she will ovulate

98
Q

How can you know a person is ovulating (2)

A

monitor temperature increase by one degree
pain

99
Q

How long are Fallopian tubes

A

10cm

100
Q

Where are the fallopian tubes stretch from

A

stretch from ovary to the fundus of the uterus

101
Q

What is located at the ovary end of the Fallopian tube

A

ciliated finger like projection called fimbriae

102
Q

What does the fimbriae do

A

guide egg once been ruptured out of ovary into the fallopian tube due to the cilia located

103
Q

What is located on the uterus end of the fallopian tube

A

ampulla

104
Q

What does the ampulla do

A

fertilisation occurs

105
Q

How long will it take an ovum from entering the fallopian tube from the ovaries to the uterus

A

five days

106
Q

What is the process of moving ovum from ovary to uterus called (2)

A

Peristalsis
Ciliary movement

107
Q

What is peristalsis

A

muscle contractions

108
Q

What can occur in the Fallopian tubes

A

blocked or narrow
due to scar tissue

109
Q

How can scar tissue occur in the Fallopian tube

A

Infections such as clamydia

110
Q

Where is the uterus located in

A

the pelvic cavity

111
Q

Uterus is made up of three layers what are they

A

perimetrium (outer)
Myometrium (middle)
Endometrium (inner)

112
Q

After 12 week a women is pregnant what happens to the uterus

A

non pregnant is a pelvic organ
12 weeks pregnancy becomes a abdominal organ

113
Q

What makes up the myometrium (3)

A

circular muscle fibres
longitudinal muscle fibres
oblique muscle fibres

114
Q

Why is progesterone important in the menstrual cycle (2)

A

prepare uterus
nourish and protect zygote ( where sperm and egg join)

115
Q

Where is the zygote located in the uterus

A

in the endometrium

116
Q

Define menstrual layer

A

collective cyclical changes that occur within the ovaries and uterus apron of 28 days.

117
Q

What is it called when there is a change in the uterus

A

uterine cycle

118
Q

What is it called when there is changes in maturation of follicles

A

ovarian cycle

119
Q

What happens at menstrual (day 1-5) of the menstrual cycle

A

Women gets period
endometrium basal layer is shed
50-150 ml of blood lost

120
Q

What happens at the proliferation stage (day 4-13) of the menstrual cycle (4)

A

endometrium starts to grow
spiral arteries form
tubular glands forming
Receptor cells primed

121
Q

What happens at Day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation

122
Q

What happens at the secretory stage (day 15-28) of the menstrual cycle (3)

A

twisting spiral arteries
Receptors secrete glycogen
endometrium receive the fertilised ovum

123
Q

What happens if there is no fertilisation and no zygote embedded into the endometrium

A

degeneration phase

124
Q

What happens at the degenerative phase

A

blood supply cut
Lysosomes release and start to digest some of the cells (auto digestion)
end of menstrual cycle

125
Q

The ovarian cycle has two phase what are they

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

126
Q

What is the time scale of the follicular phase

A

Day 1 until ovulation (day14 to day28)

127
Q

What is the follicular phase (3)

A

where ovarian follicles are maturing because of the influence of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

The development of follicles increase the amount of oestrogen realeased from the ovaries

Increase oestrogen cause increase lutienzing hormone stimulate ovulation (day14) which stimulate luteal phase.

128
Q

Female reproductive systemWhat is the timescale of luteal phase

A

Day of ovulation until day before menstrual flow begin (day28)

129
Q

Female reproductive system
What happens at the luteal phase

A

Lutienzing cause development of corpus luteum which secrete progesterone

corpus luteum will degenerate 10 days after ovulation if there is no pregnancy events

130
Q

When egg is maturing what do you have a lot of

A

Oestrogen

131
Q

When egg is released what do you have a lot of

A

progesterone

132
Q

What are the six hormones that are important in pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)
Oestrogen
Progesterone
prolactin
relaxin
oxytocin

133
Q

Functions of hormones during pregnancy
What hormone is this
Main corpus lutein and prevent menstruation
hormone that is tested for in pregnancy

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)

134
Q

Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
myocetrial hypotrophy- the muscular part of uterus gets larger
soften pelvic ligaments
enlarge external genitalia

A

Oestrogen

135
Q

Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
endometrium is receptive for fertilised ovum for zygote
stop uterine contractions in pregnancy
develop alveoli in mammary glands in breast ready for lactation

A

progesterone

136
Q

Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
provide flexible tissues

A

Relaxin

137
Q

Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
for uterine contractions during labour

A

Oxytocin

138
Q

Function of hormones during pregnancy
what hormone is this
produced after baby born
produce breast milk
inhibit follicle stimulating hormone release and inhibit ovulation

A

Prolactin

139
Q

What is a Zygote

A

initial fertilisation
fusion of gametes, ovum and sperm
First few cell divisions up to 8 cells

140
Q

Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
Clump of cells that continue mitosis

A

Morula

141
Q

Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
at day 4 to 20
inner mass is formed and a bilaminar disc also formed

A

Blastocyst

142
Q

Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
Week 9 to birth

A

fetus

143
Q

Development stage of fertilisation to birth
What is this
Day 21 to 56

A

embryo

144
Q

what is fertilisation

A

The joining or fusion of sperm and the ova

145
Q

What does the sperm penetrate through

A

corona radiate and the zone pellucid before entering in the egg

146
Q

Once sperm has gone through the eggs layers what will be released from the egg

A

calcium ions which prevent further sperm to be able to enter into the centre called polyspermy ( fertilise more than one egg)

147
Q

What does the acrosome of a sperm do in fertilisation

A

Secrete enzymes that digest the zone pellucida of the egg

148
Q

What happens when the sperm then binds to the plasma membrane if the egg and enters the cell

A

genetic information of the sperm fuses with egg nucleus to complete fertilisation

149
Q

What happens in the uterus when a women in pregnant (3)

A

Zygote embedded in the endometrium
Nourished by uterine secretions until placenta is established
Placenta secretes progesterone which prevent uterine contraction

150
Q

What happens in the uterus when a women in pregnant (3)

A

Zygote embedded in the endometrium
Nourished by uterine secretions until placenta is established
Placenta secretes progesterone which prevent uterine contraction

151
Q

What happen after 40 week of pregnancy to the uterus

A

Oestrogen and oxytocin promote uterine contractions

Unit 4 (4 decks)

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