reproductive behaviour Flashcards
(24 cards)
what are the three phases of reproduction in male
precopulatory, copulatory, postcopulatory
what does the precopulatory phase in male reproduction consist of
Search for sexual partner
Courtship (Male smelling vula)
Sexual arousal
Erection
Penile protrusion
what does the copulatory phase in male reproduction consist of
Mounting
Intromission
Ejactulation
what does the postcopulatory phase in male reproduction consist of
Dismount
Refractory period
Memory
what are the three female Reproductive behavioural stages
attractivity, proceptivity, receptivity
what does the attractivity phase in female reproduction consist of
Behaviours and other signals which attract males (postures, vocalisations, behaviours and chemical cues.
The aim is to provoke the male into engaging in precopulatory behaviour.
what does the proceptivity phase in female reproduction consist of
Behaviours by the female towards the males which stimulate compilation.
- Female female mounting arousing males
- Female mounting male
what does the receptivity phase in female reproduction consist of
Copulatory behaviour which ensure insemination
- Lordosis
- Backing up against male
- Tail deviation
Describe the specific reproductive behavioural characteristics for the bovine
Female
Locomotion increase, vocalization and grooming
Female female mounting arousing males, Lordosis, Backing up against male, Female mounting male
Male
Penile dribbling, nuzzling, licking,
Describe the specific reproductive behavioural characteristics for the ovine
Female
Restlessness, urination in male presence, immobile stance
Male
sniffing/ licking genital region, stretched neck, penile protrusion
Describe the specific reproductive behavioural characteristics for the equine
Female
Locomotion, erect tail (flagging), urination in presence of male, cilt exposure
Male
Flehmen, excitement, penile protrusion
how does the central nervous system interact with reproductive behaviour in male and female
Male - when stimulated the hypothalamus is able to convert the supply of testosterone into estradiol, recall that the hypothalamus produces testosterone episodically 4-6 hours and thus they can quickly respond to stimuli at any point.
Female - only experience sexual behaviour during high estradiol levels in the follicular phase.
how does the CNS interact with sex steroids in detail
- Sensory input is sent to the hypothalamus of which estrogen allows for high level of excitability in the neurons
- These inputs cause the hypothalamus to release behaviour specific peptides that serve as neuropeptides.
- The midbrain translates the peptides into fast responses and these signals are transported to the medulla.
- From the medulla the signal travels into the spinal cord where it excites specific muscles.
what are the possible visual stimuli to initiate reproductive behaviour
Good for close encounters
Includes sexual posturing
what are the possible olfactory stimuli to initiate reproductive behaviour
Pheromones are important for signaling and recognising estrus. These can either stimulate a response from others or they are priming pheromones
- Male can stimulate estrus through the release of their pheromones
Flehmen behaviour
what is flehman behaviour
Flehmen behaviour - Head through back and upper lip curled back.Some pheromones need to be detected with effort by the vomeronasal organ. When this organ detects the correct pheromone the body responds through urine evoking and vaginal secretions
what are the possible auditory stimuli to initiate reproductive behaviour
Good for long distance
Some species increase vocalisation during estrus ‘mating calls’
what are the possible tactile stimuli to initiate reproductive behaviour
Physical presence of sexual stimulation
Watching same species coupling or mounting
Biting of the neck in horses, cats
Rubbing of genitals.
Outline the processes of penile erection
Erection - marked increase in rigidity of the penis due to increased arterial flow into the penis compared to venous outflow. (caused by increases vasodilation)
Erection requires blood to be trapped in the cavernous sinus (dilated) of the penis.
If the animal has a fibroelastic muscle (retractor penis) then erection will also include the relaxation of the sigmoid flexure muscle, in these animals the penis does not increase in diameter size.
Engorgement of the cavernous tissue causes the blockage of the venous return.
Intermediate contractions between the ischiocavernosus muscles (surrounding the two crura) create pump-like movement in the base of the penis. This causes a build up of blood in the corpus cavernosum, resulting in high pressures.
Erection is caused by the firing of what
the nonandrogenetic, noncholonergic (NANC) parasympathetic neurons that release Nitric oxide (NO) gas from their terminals
Nitric oxides stimulate an enzyme called guanylate cyclase that will convert guanylate triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). cGMP causes smooth muscle vasodilation in the corpus cavernosum.
outline to proces sof mounting
Position of which allows the intromission to occur
outline the process of intromission
Successful entrance of the peins into the vagina.
outline the process of ejaculation
Reflex expulsion of spermatozoa and seminal plasma from the male reproductive tract.
Important muscle for ejaculation in the ischiocavernosus and the bulbospongiosus muscles.
what is the ejaculation refractory period
period of which ejaculation will not occur again
