REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
What are the main functions of reproductive organs?
A
Produce and transport gametes.
2
Q
What chromosomes correspond to female and male reproductive organs?
A
Female: XX, Male: XY.
3
Q
What process occurs during gametogenesis?
A
Meiosis
4
Q
How many daughter cells are produced in gametogenesis?
A
4
5
Q
How does gametogenesis affect the chromosome number?
A
Reduces by half.
6
Q
What is established during intrauterine development?
A
Genotypic and phenotypic sex.
7
Q
What is the function of the scrotum?
A
Supports testis, regulates temperature.
8
Q
What are the layers of the scrotum?
A
Parietal and visceral layers.
9
Q
What is the primary function of the penis?
A
Copulation and urination.
10
Q
Where are the testes formed?
A
Pelvic cavity.
11
Q
These cells Produce testosterone
A
LEYDIG”s cell
12
Q
These cells nourishes and protects
spermatocytes
A
SERTOLLI’s cell
13
Q
What is the function of the epididymis?
A
provides a reservoir for maturing sperm
14
Q
How long does sperm take to travel through the epididymis?
A
12–20 days.
15
Q
What do the seminal vesicles secrete?
A
Alkaline liquid.
16
Q
What is the function of the prostate gland?
A
Protects sperm.
17
Q
What do Cowper’s glands seminal fluid contain?
A
Mucoproteins.
18
Q
What is the role of the urethra?
A
Transports urine and semen.
19
Q
What are the components of sperm?
A
Head, midsection, tail.
20
Q
How fast do sperm move?
A
1–4 mm/min.
21
Q
What is the first test for male infertility?
A
Sperm analysis.
22
Q
What controls erection?
A
Parasympathetic nervous system.
23
Q
What controls ejaculation?
A
Sympathetic nervous system.
24
Q
Protects pubic bone.
A
MONS VENERIS/PUBIS
25
Protects external genitalia of women
LABIA MAJUS
26
It houses the vestibule.
LABIA MINUS
27
It is the primary site of sexual arousal
clitoral head
28
Opening for urination
urethral meatus
29
Small mucus-secreting glands that open into the posterior wall of the urinary meatus and lubricate the vagina.
Skene’s glands
30
A Vaginal introitus tissue.
hymen
31
Found at the Lower part of labia
fourchette
32
Tissue between anus and vagina
perineum
33
Boat like depression middle of labia, contains vaginal opening, urethral meatus, skene’s glands or paraurethral glands and Bartholin’s glands or paravaginal glands
vestibule
34
Mucus-secreting glands located on either side of the vaginal orifice.
BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS
35
a ruggaeted pouch hanging below the pendulous
penis
SCRUTUM
36
with a medial septum dividing into two sacs,
each of which contains a testes
SCRUTUM
37
Scrotum layer that has the function of covering the inner aspect of the scrotal wall
Parietal layer
38
Scrotum layer that coats the testis and epididymis.
visceral layer
39
2 ovoid glands formed in the pelvic cavity
TESTES
40
Convoluted, where
sperm production occurs, surrounded by blood and lymph vessels
Seminiferous tubules
41
Thin walled spaces that forms
10 – 15 efferent ducts that empty to the epididymis
RETE Testis
42
5 – 6 m long, produces 5% seminal fluid, 2 – 10 day stay before sperm is released
EPIDIDYMIS
43
Percentage of seminal fluid formed by the epididymis
5% seminal fluid
44
How many days does the sperm travel out at the epididymis
12 – 20 days
45
Expands to form terminal ampulla
VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS
46
What does the v. deferens form when it expands
terminal ampulla
47
When the v. deferens unites with seminal vesicle, what does it form?
EJACULATORY DUCT
48
rapidly squeezes sperm from storage site
VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS
49
It is the Site of sterilization
VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS
50
What does the alkaline liquid secreted by seminal vesicles composed of
PGE, amino acids, fibrinogen and FRUCTOSE
51
It produces 30% of total seminal fluid
SEMINAL VESICLES
52
Chestnut size, below the bladder, secretes 60% of alkaline fluid
PROSTATE
53
How many of the total seminal fluid is secreted by the prostate gland
60% of alkaline fluid
54
What is the seminal fluid secreted by the prostate composed of
Zinc, Ca, citric acid, acid phosphatase
55
Secretes 5% seminal fluid that contains MUCOPROTEINS
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS
56
How many seminal fluid is secreted by bulbourethral glands
5% seminal fluid
57
ensures safe sperm passage by counteracting acid secretion of urethra.
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS
58
What are the two external structure of the male reproductive organ
1. SCRUTUM
2. PENIS
59
What are the 7 internal structure of the male reproductive organ
1.TESTES
2. EPIDIDYMIS
3. VAS DEFERENS/DUCTUS DEFERENS
4. SEMINAL VESICLES
5.PROSTATE
6. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS/ COWPER’S GLANDS
7. URETHRA
60
Male repro:
6 – 8 inches long hollow tube lined w/mucous membrane
URETHRA
61
How is a man determined to be sterile in a sperm analysis
if less than 20 million sperm per ml
62
causes the smooth muscles to relax and the blood vessels to dilate during erection
Nitric oxide
63
Also called climax or orgasm
Ejaculation
64
Hairless connective tissue at external surface, mucous membrane covering at internal surface, also w/ sebaceous glands
LABIA MINUS
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Homologous to penis
CLITORAL Head
66
located at the upper portion b/n labia minora and majora
CLITORAL Head
67
Due to the stimulation of what causes the sensitivity of the clitoral head
ISCHIOCAVERNOUS muscle
68
Supported by Cooper’s
ligaments, contains 20 lobules
Breasts/ mammary glands
69
What ligaments support breasts
Cooper’s
ligaments
70
How many lobules does a breast have
20 lobules
71
What duct empties the breast externally
lactiferous duct
72
In each lobule, it produces milk
ACINAR cells
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How many openings does a breast have?
20
74
sebaceous glands causing
roughness in the areola
Montgomery’s tubercles
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11 EXTERNAL PUDENDA /VULVA of women
1. MONS VENERIS/PUBIS
2. LABIA MAJUS
3. LABIA MINUS
4. CLITORAL Head
5. Urethral meatus
6. Skene’s glands
7. Hymen
8. FOURCHETTE
9. PERINEUM
10. Vestibule
11. BARTHOLIN’S GLANDS
76
6 main Female Internal Reproductive Structures
1. VAGINA
2. UTERUS
3. UTERINE LIGAMENTS
4. FALLOPIAN TUBES
5. OVARIES
6. PELVIS
77
female organ of copulation; passageway of menstruation & fetus
VAGINA
78
3 – 4inches or 8 – 10 cm long, dilated canal
VAGINA
79
permits stretching without tearing of the vagina
Rugae
80
Organ of menstruation, is a hollow, thick-walled muscular organ. It varies in size, shape and weight
UTERUS
81
What are the three layers of the uterus?
Perimetrium, Myometrium, Endometrium
82
What is the lowest portion of the uterus that connects to the vagina?
Cervix
83
Mucus secreting glands that works as lubricant, bacteriostat, alkalizing agent
Cervix
84
Junction of cervix and isthmus
INTERNAL OS
85
opening to the vagina, basis for level of ischial spines
EXTERNAL OS
86
Which part of the uterus is the site for tubal ligation?
Isthmus
87
the lower uterine segment during pregnancy, site for LSCS
ISTHMUS
88
What is LSCS
lower segment caesarean section
89
uppermost part of the uterus, palpable abdominally during pregnancy
FUNDUS
90
point of insertion of fallopian tubes, shortens during advances pregnancy and labor
CORPUS
91
Which ligament keeps the uterus centrally placed and stable within the pelvic cavity?
Broad ligament
92
What are the two upper segments of the uterine ligaments
BROAD
ROUND
93
During labor, this ligament steadies uterus, pulling downward and forward so fetal presenting part is moved to cervix
ROUND
94
Which ligament prevents uterine prolapse?
CARDINAL/ McKENRODT’S/ TRANSVERSE
95
Ligament that contains sensory fibers that cause dysmennorhea
UTEROSACRAL
96
What are the 3 ligaments in the middle segment
CARDINAL/ McKENRODT’S/ TRANSVERSE
UTEROSACRAL
PUBOCERVICAL
97
What are the 4 ligaments in the lower segment that all support muscular floor
PUBOCOCCYGEAL l,
ILIOCOCCYGEAL ,
PUBOCERVICAL,
PUBOVAGINALIS
98
main source of blood supply in the uterus
azygous artery
99
What efferent nerves supply the uterus
T5 – T10
100
What afferent nerves supply the uterus
T11 – T12
101
2-3 inches long that serves as a passageway of the sperm from the uterus to the ampulla or the passageway of the mature ovum or fertilized ovum from the ampulla to the uterus.
FALLOPIAN TUBES
102
4 SIGNIFICANT SEGMENTS of the FALLOPIAN TUBES
1. Infundibulum
2. Ampulla
3. Isthmus
4. Interstitial
103
Distal part of FT, trumpet or funnel shaped, swollen at ovulation
Infundibulum
104
outer 3rd or 2nd half; site of fertilization
Ampulla
105
site of sterilization or tubal ligation
Isthmus
106
Which segment of the fallopian tube is the site for ectopic pregnancy?
Interstitial
107
2 female sex gonads, almond shaped, 6 – 10 gms each, located below the pelvic brim
OVARIES
108
What do ovaries not have that increases risk for eruption and easy spread of cancer cells
peritoneal covering
109
What is the function of the ovaries?
Ovulation and hormone production (Estrogen, Progesterone)
110
Hormone that maintains secondary sex char
Estrogen
111
Hormone that increases uterine vegetation
Progesterone
112
What is the outermost layer of the ovaries
Tunica albuginea
113
What are the 3 layers of the ovaries
tunica albuginea
cortex
medulla
114
contains ova, follicle
cortex
115
surrounded by cortex, contains nerve, blood and lymphatic vessels
medulla
116
Four Bones of pelvis
Two innominate bones
Sacrum
Coccyx
117
What are the divisions of the innominate bones of the pelvis
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
118
posterior wall; pelvic portion of the spinal column
Sacrum
119
tail end of the sacrum
Coccyx
120
Types of Pelvic Shapes
Gynecoid.
Android.
Anthropoid.
Platypelloid.
121
Which type of pelvic shape is ovoid or rounded, typical for females?
Gynecoid
122
Which type of pelvic shape is Heart-shaped with narrow pubic arch, typical for males?
Android.
123
Which type of pelvic shape resembles ape pelvis: Oval-shaped inlet
Anthropoid
124
Which type of pelvic shape is Wide but flat: may still allow vaginal delivery if the fetus is pre-mature
Platypelloid.
125
Pelvic Divisions
False Pelvis
Linea terminalis
True pelvis
126
Shallow upper portion of the pelvis; supports uterus during late pregnancy
False Pelvis
127
Plane dividing the upper or false pelvis from the lower or true pelvis
Linea terminalis
128
What does the true pelvis consist of?
Pelvic inlet, pelvic cavity, pelvic outlet
129
Anteroposterior diameter of the pelvis
1. Diagonal conjugate
2. Anatomic conjugate
3. Obstetrical conjugate
130
It is a test where increased estrogen causes a fern-like pattern in cervical mucus.
Fern test
131
It is a test where increased estrogen causes stretchability in cervical mucus.
Spinbarkeit test
132
It is the sharp pain experienced during ovulation
Mittleschmerz
133
It is the spotting experienced during ovulation due to the rapture of capillaries
Mittlestain
134
permanent cessation of menses,
MENOPAUSAL period
135
What is the permanent cessation of menses around age 45-55
Menopause
136
What is painful menstruation called?
Dysmenorrhea
137
It is abnormally heavy menstruation flow
Menorrhagia
138
What is bleeding between menstrual periods called?
Metrorrhagia
139
What is the absence of menstruation?
Amenorrhea
140
When does male fertility typically end?
At death
141
How long can an ovum survive after ovulation?
24 hours
142
What is the formula used to estimate fertile days in women with regular cycles?
Oginoknaus formula
143
What does joint fertility involve?
Equal contribution of male and female in having a child.
144
What are the 5 things to ask the patient for menstrual history?
Menarche
Interval
Duration
Amount
Signs and symptoms
145
What are the 6 things to ask the patient for Obstetric History (GTPALM)
G : Gravida (Number of pregnancies)
T : Term (37wks and above)
P : Preterm (20wks to 36 6/7)
A : Abortion (below 20 weeks
L : Living children
M : Multiple pregnancy
146
What are the 2 things to ask the patient for Obstetric History (G/P)
G/P
G : Number of pregnancies
P : Para (Number of deliveries after 20wks
147
release of mature egg from the ovarian follicle.
OVULATION
148
What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle
Follicular Phase
LUTEAL PHASE
149
THE UTERINE CYCLE
Pre-ovulatory stage
a.____________
b.____________
Post-ovulatory stage
a. ___________
b. ___________
Pre-ovulatory stage
a. Menses
b. Proliferative
Post-ovulatory stage
a. Secretory
b. Ischemic
