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Year 2 MBChB Endocrine > Reproductive Disorders > Flashcards

Reproductive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of infertility?

A

No pregnancy after 12 months of unprotected sex in a couple with no children

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2
Q

What is primary and secondary infertility?

A 
Primary = no pregnancy
Secondary = pregnant but ectopic/miscarriage
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3
Q

Name 5 risk factors for infertility?

A 
Older age
Chlamydia
Obesity
Caffeine
Drugs
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4
Q

What is anovulatory disease?

A

No ovulations

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5
Q

Name 5 causes of an anovulation disorder .

A 
Anorexia
Tumours
Hyperprolactinemia
Ovulation disorder
Endometriosis
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6
Q

What are group 1 ovulation disorders caused by + name 3 causes?

A 
H-P axis failure
No GnRH/LH or FSH
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism 
Kallman's syndrome
Anorexia
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7
Q

Treatment for group 1 ovulation disorders?

A

Pulsatile GnRH

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8
Q

What are group 2 ovulation disorders caused by + an example?

A

H-P-O axis failure

PCOS

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9
Q

What is the definition of PCOS?

A

12 or more 2-9 mm follicles and increased ovarian volume

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10
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for PCOS?

A

2 out of:
Chronic anolvulation
Polycystic ovaires
Hyperandrogenism

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11
Q

Treatment for group 2 ovulation disorders?

A

Clomifene citrate

FSH/LH injections

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12
Q

What is the profile of PCOS in terms of LH/FSH and BG?

A

High LH/FSH

High BG

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13
Q

What is the cause of group 3 ovulation disorders + 2 examples?

A

High gonadotrophin causing low oestrogen
Ovarian failure
Hypergonoadotrophic hypogonadism

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14
Q

What 3 conditions are associated with ovarian failure?

A

Turner’s syndrome
XX gonadal agenesis
Fragile X syndrome

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15
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for ovarian failure?

A

3x FSH > 30

Low oestrogen

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16
Q

Treatment for ovarian failure?

A

HRT

OCT

17
Q

What is the definition of oligomenorrhea?

A

Less than 9 periods/year

18
Q

What is the definition of primary and secondary amenorrhea?

A 
Primary = no periods before 16
Secondary = cessation of periods > 6 months
19
Q

What is the main cause of primary amenorrhea + name two examples.

A

Congenital disease
Turner’s syndrome
Kallman’s syndrome

20
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome + inheritance + karyotype + does it affects men/women more?

A

Missing X chromosome
Sporadic mutation
45 X
Only women affected

21
Q

What is Kallman’s syndrome and example of + inheritance + mutation + does it affect men/women more?

A

idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
X-linked recessive
ANOS1
Men

22
Q

High prolactin or hypopituitarism can both cause amenorrhea. True or False?

A

True

23
Q

Triad of amenorrhea and oestrogen deficiency?

A

Flushing
Decreased libido
Painful sex

24
Q

Name 5 tests for ovulatory disorders.

A 
LH/FSH/oestrogen
TFT
PFT
Prolactin
Ovarian US
25
Q

Where is the origin of the problem in primary (hypergonadotrophic) vs. secondary (hypogonadotrophic) hypogonadism in females + males?

A 
Primary = ovaries or testes
Secondary = hypothalamus/pituitary
26
Q

How does ovarian failure work?

A

Ovarian dysfunction
Low oestrogen
High gonadotrophins

27
Q

What is the key symptoms of Kallman’s syndrome?

A

Inability to smell

28
Q

What is the identified defect in idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism?

A

Mutation of GnRH receptor

29
Q

What is kisspeptin and what does it do?

A

GPCR ligand

Controls release of GnRH

30
Q

What is the profile of primary and secondary hypogonadism in males in terms of LH/FSH and testosterone?

A 
Primary = high FSH/LH, low testosterone
Secondary = low FSH/LH, low testosterone
31
Q

What is the profile of primary and secondary hypogonadism in females in terms of LH/FSH and oestrogen?

A 
Primary = high FSH/LH, low oestrogen 
Secondary = low FSH/LH, low oestrogen
32
Q

What are the main congenital causes of primary hypogonadism in males + females?

A 
Males = Klinefelter's syndrome
Females = Turner's or Kallman's syndrome
33
Q

What is Klinefelter’s + inheritance + karyotype + does it affect men/women more?

A

Extra X chromosome
Sporadic mutation
47 XXY
Only men affected

34
Q

What is the main cause of female + male infertility?

A 
Female = ovarian failure 
Male = varicocele
35
Q

What is hydrosalpinx?

A

Blockage casing fluid overload in fallopian tube

36
Q

What is endometriosis + key US sign?

A

Endometrium growing outside uterus

Chocolate cysts

37
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Testicular varicose veins

38
Q

Name 2 infections which can cause female infertility?

A

Chlamydia

Rubella

Year 2 MBChB Endocrine (14 decks)

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