Reproductive Physiology Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
defined by Sex Chromosome
A
Genetic Sex
2
Q
Defined by Presence of Ovaries /Testes
A
Gonadal Sex
3
Q
Defined by characteristics of internal genital tract and external genitalia?
A
Phenotypic Sex
4
Q
internal Genital tract in Males
A
Prostate, Seminal Vesicles, Vas Deferens, Epididymis
5
Q
Internal Genital Tract in Females
A
Fallopian Tube, Uterus, Upper 1/3 Vagina
6
Q
External Genital tract in Males
A
Scrotum, Penis
7
Q
External Genital tract in Females
A
Clitoris, Labia Minora & Majora, Lower 2/3 Vagina
8
Q
secreted by Sertoli Cells to cause atrophy of Mullerian ducts (FEMALE)
A
Antimullerian Hormone
9
Q
secreted by Leydig Cells for Growth of Wolffian duct (MALE)
A
testosterone
10
Q
which substance is suspected to initiate puberty?
A
Melatonin
11
Q
what conditions may inhibit the onset of puberty?
A
Stress, Malnutrition
12
Q
what is the first event in puberty?
A
Males: Testicular Enlargement
Females: Breast Enlargement
13
Q
which hormone causes adrenarche (pubic hair, axillary hair development) in females?
A
Adrenal Androgens
14
Q
XY
A
male
15
Q
XX
A
female
16
Q
Testosterone functions
A
- differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens & seminal vesicles
- descent of testes
- increased bone and muscle mass
- increases BMR
- Pubertal growth spurt
- epiphyseal closure
- growth of penis & seminal vesicles
- deepening of voice
- spermatogenesis
- negative feedback on anterior pituitary
- libido
17
Q
Dihydrotestosterone functions
A
- differentiation of penis, scrotum, and prostate
- male hair pattern
- male pattern baldness
- sebaceous gland activity
- growth of prostate
18
Q
for sperm production
A
Seminiferous Tubules
19
Q
for sperm maturation, motility
A
Epidydimis
20
Q
for sperm storage
A
vas deferens
21
Q
for sperm nutrition, etc. (FRUCTOSE, PROSTAGLANDIN)
A
Seminal Vesicles
22
Q
for Semen Alkalinity (Spermine)
A
Prostate Gland
23
Q
supplies Mucus
A
Urethral gland Bulbuurethral Glands
24
Q
Path of SEMEN
SEVEN UP
A
S-eminiferous tubules E-pididymis V-as deferens E-jaculatory duct N-none U-rethra P-enis
25
testes temperature
1-2 degree celcius cooler
26
responsible for testes temperature
countercurrent exchange of the testicular vessels
27
duration of spermatogenesis
64 days
28
sperm production per day
128 million
29
activation of sperm in the female genital tract for 4-6 hours
capacitation
30
what is the Enzyme that convert androstenedione to testosterone?
17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
31
what is the enzyme that convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?
5a reductase
32
what is the 5a-reductase inhibitor used for male pattern baldness and BPH?
Finasteride
33
granulosa cells
| Theca Cells
Estrogen
34
Luteal Cells
Progesterone
35
stages of Male Sexual Act
erection
lubrication
orgasm
resolution
36
contracts vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate
Emission
37
contracts bulbocsvernous, ischcavernous
ejaculation
38
cell which determine Sex of a Baby
sperm cell
39
part of the sperm cell that contains hyaluronidase, proteolytic enzymes
acrosome
40
acrosome comes from which organelle?
Golgi Apparatus
41
definition of Low Sperm Count
<20 million sperms/,;
42
sequelae of Cryptorchidism
infertility
| testicular CA
43
loss of body hair, musculature, thick bones, decreased libido
Castration after puberty
44
vestigial remnant of 3rd eye; secretes melatonin which is involve in reproduction and sex drive
Pineal Gland
45
Primordial Follicle
Granulosa Cell
46
Primary Follicle
Theca Interna
| Theca Externa
47
provides nourishment to ovum
| secretes inhibiting factor to keep ovum in prophase
Granulosa Cells
48
secrete estrogen & progesterone
Theca Interna
49
becomes capsule of the follice
theca Externa
50
it forms Corona Radiata and secrete estrogen-rich fluid(forms ANtrum)
Granulosa Cells
51
secrete adrenal cortex & theca cells
Estrone
52
secreted by ovaries
Estradiol
53
secreted by placenta
Estriol
54
enzyme that catalyzes conversion of Androstenodione -> Estrone & Testosterone -> Estradiol
Aromatase
55
seen during reproductive years
Estradiol
56
seen during pregnancy
Estriol
57
seen post-menopause
estrone
58
secreted by the corpus luteum, placenta, adrenal cortex, testes
progesterone
59
Estrogen Functions
1. maturation of uterus, fallopian tubes, cervix, vagina
2. breast development
3. development of granulosa cells
4. up-regulation of estrogen, progesterone, and LH receptors
5. negative and positive feedback effects on FSH and LH secretion
6. maintenaceof pregnancy
7. lowering of uterine threshold to contractile stimuli
8. stimulates prolactin secretion
9. blocks action of prolactin on breast
10. slightly increases BMR but causes fat deposition
11. creates soft skin
12. inhibits osteoclasts
60
Progesterone Functions
1. maintenace of secretory activity of uterus during luteal phase
2. breast development
3. negative feedback effects on FSH and LH secretion
4. maintence of pregnancy
5. raising uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy
61
will cause menses
corpus albicans
62
trigger for menstruation
Progesterone
63
estrogen predominates
Follicular/Proliferative Phase
64
progesterone predominates
Luteal/Secretory Phase
65
Endometrial Cycle
Proliferative
Secretory
Menses
66
stromal & epithelial cells proliferate
cervical mucus: thin, stringy, (+) ferning
Proliferative Phase
67
increased tortuosity of glands and blood vessels
increased lipid & glycogen in the stromal cells
Cervical Mucus: thick, non-elastic, (-) ferning
Secretory Phase
68
due to cessation of Progesterone
| (+) necrosis of endometrium, bleeding and desquamation
Menses
69
Menstruation
Estrogen: dec
Progesterone: dec
FSH: dec
LH: dec
70
Follicular Phase
Estrogen: inc
Progesterone: dec
FSH: inc
LH: dec
71
Ovulation
Estrogen: inc
Progesterone: dec
FSH: inc
LH: inc
72
Luteal phase
Estrogen: dec
Progesterone: inc
FSH: dec
LH: dec
73
produced by ovarian granulosa cell and inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
Inhibin
74
produced by ovarian granulosa cell and stimulates FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
Activin
75
average age menarche,menopause
menarch: 13
menopause: 45
76
number of lifetime mature follicles
400 follicles
77
peak of sexual desire
just before ovulation
78
helps in fertility
female orgasm
79
fertilized ovum implanting on uterus
blastocyst
80
number of hours eggs to be fertilized
24 hours
81
hours of sperms to be fertilized
1-5 days
82
site of fertilization
Ampulla of oviduct
83
cells of the blastocyst that digest and liquifies the endometrium for invasion
trophoblast
84
nutrient-rich endometrium invaded by trophoblast
decidua
85
provides nutrients by day 16
placenta
86
produced by Syncitiotrophoblast
B-HCG
87
prevents menstruation
| causes growth of endometrium
Rescues corpus luteum
88
produced by fetal adrenal gland
estrogen
89
produced by
corpus luteum in 1st trimester
placenta by 2nd & 3rd trimester
Progesterone
90
AKA Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin
Human Placental LActogen
91
Human Placental LActogen function
1. promotes growth of the fetus
2. promotes insulin resistance in the mother
3. promotes Lipolysis from mother
4. index of placental well-being
92
physiologic changes in pregnancy
```
weight gain - 24 pounds
BMR inc 15%
Nutrional demand - Iron, vit D, Vit K
CO inc 40%
blood volume - 30%
o2 usage - inc 20%
minute ventilation inc 50%
renal tubule reabsorptive capacity for Na, Cl, H2O inc 50%
GFR inc 50%
```
93
lactation is maintained by
suckling
94
lactation inhibit
ovulation
95
what stimulates growth of the male external genital organs
DHT
96
what substance acts to stimulate Leydig cell production of testosterone in males?
LH
97
all of the following are functions of estrogen EXCEPT?
a. breast and genital development in females
b. female fat distribution
c. upregulation of estrogen, LH and progesterone receptors
d. increase sex hormone binding globulin
e. none
d. increase sex hormone binding globulin
98
during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, what is the effect of estrogen on the pituitary?
negative feedback
99
why does lactation not occur during pregnancy?
estrogen and progesterone block prolactin's effects on the breast
