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Biology 2 > Reproductive Strategies > Flashcards

Reproductive Strategies Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

genetically identical offspring produced from just one parent

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2
Q

what organisms use asexual reproduction?

A

Fungi, bacteria, many plants, some animals

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3
Q

What process does asexual reproduction use?

A

For all but prokaryotes, mitosis is used where each daughter cell receives a copy of a new chromosome from the parent cell

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4
Q

When is asexual reproduction efficient?

A

When enviro conditions are ideal

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5
Q

WHen is asexual reproduction a disadvantage?

A

when enviro conditions change

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6
Q

Methods of asexual reproduction?

A

Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore formation
Vegetative propagation
Parthenogenesis

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7
Q

What is fission common among?

A

unicellular organisms e.g. bacteria and protozoans

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8
Q

What occurs in fission?

A

A single parent cell divides into 2 approximately equal parts which will each become a new individual identical to the other.

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9
Q

What are the two types of fission?

A

Longitudinal along the longest axis of a cell
OR transverse along the shortest axis of a cell

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10
Q

What occurs in budding?

A

An outgrowth or bud forms from the parent and becomes a new individual

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11
Q

What does budding occur in?

A

Yeast, hydra, sponges

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12
Q

How is budding different to fission?

A

Cytoplasm split is unequal

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13
Q

What is fragmentatio?

A

Parent body breaks into 2 or more parts, each then develops into a new individual

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14
Q

How is fragmentation different to fission?

A

Occurs in multicellular organisms

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15
Q

What organisms use fragmentation?

A

Flatworms, echinoderms, marine worms

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16
Q

What is spore formation?

A

mitosis is used to create spores, which are capable of germinating into a new individual.

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17
Q

what are spores surrounded by?

A

a tough coat to help them survive harsh environmental conditions

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18
Q

What organisms use spores?

A

moulds, mosses, ferns

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19
Q

what is vegetative propagation?

A

new plants may develop from roots, stems or leaves of parent plants through mitosis

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20
Q

What does vegetation propagation not include?

A

spores or seeds

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21
Q

What is a rhizome?

A

Underground plant stem that grows horizontally. e.g. iris, ginger

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22
Q

What is a stolon?

A

Above ground plant stem that grows horizontally e.g. grass, violet

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23
Q

What is a tuber?

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A

Modified plant stem that stores nutrients. e.g. potato, sweet potato, carrot

24
Q

What is a bulb/corm?

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A

underground storage stems that store lateral buds

25
What is another name for pathenogenesis?
Virgin birth
26
What is pathenogenesis?
Development of an egg without fertilisation
27
What species can pathenogenesis occur in?
lizards, birds, insects
28
Advantages of asexual reproduction
Efficient Don't need to find a mate In favourable conditions, species can grow quickly No need for a mate Offspring are well suited to environment
29
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Lack of genetic variation too much population growth If enviro cahnges, lack of genetic diversity can lead to extinction of population
30
What are germ cells?
Cells that give rise to sperm and egg cells
31
What is another word for germ cell?
Gamete, sex cell
32
How many chromosomes does a somatic cell?
23 pairs, 46 individual
33
What happens in mitosis?
All 46 chromosomes duplicate themselves (so now 46 double stranded chromosomes with 92 molecules of DNA) and form a line down the centre of the cell. 46 chromosomes go to one side, the other 46 go to the other.
34
What happens in meiosis?
46 chromosomes duplicate themselves. That means there are now 92 chromatids. In the first anaphase, the homologus pairs split. In the second anaphase, the chromosomes split. Result is four genetically different offspring
35
What does diploid mean?
46 chromosomes, 2n
36
What does haploid mean?
23 chromosomes, n
37
What does fertilisation result in?
Two haploid cells fuse to form a zygote
38
What happens after fertilisation?
Mitosis causes the zygote to form a new individual
39
What is genetic recombination?
Some of the genetic material from two homologus chromosomes is switched
40
Advantages of sexual reproduction
Potential for long term evolution Elimination of unfavourable genetic variation is more efficient Genetic variation occurs and beneficial variation is selected more efficiently Enables population to more ably adapt and survive environmental changes
41
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction
Reproductive rate is slower – fewer offspring produced over a longer time span Recombination may break apart beneficial combinations and introduce non-beneficial variations Potential for the spread of sexually transmitted diseases Requires a high energy input from parents
42
What is cloning?
The production of new individuals with identical information to the parent organism
43
What are some artificial methods of cloning?
cuttings and grafts tissue culture embryo splitting nuclear transfer
44
How does 'cuttings' occur?
A segment of the plant (room, stem, etc) are removed and placed into water or soil. it grows into its own organism
45
What is grafting?
where part of a stem from one plant (scion) is transferred to the cut stem of another plant which has well-developed roots (rootstock)
46
In grafting, what does the genetic material come from?
the scion
47
Advantages of grafting
increased yield, increased tolerance to cold, resistance to disease, early fruiting and the production of new varieties of plants, more efficient and rapid growth of desired plant varieties
48
What is a tissue culture?
Fragments or single cells are selected from a parent plant and grown in a culture medium This medium contains nutrients and hormones to encourage plant growth and plants are sterilised against contamination from fungi and bacteria
49
Pros and cons of a tissue culture?
Thousands of species quickly Labour intensive, expensive
50
What is embryo splitting?
Formation of genetically identical offspring when an embryo is split in the very early stages of its development. Surrogate mothers get the embryos
51
What happens after embryo splitting?
Farmers use IVF techniques to ‘harvest’ eggs, then fertilise them in a petri dish
52
What is SCNT?
SOmatic Cell Nuclear Transfer. Nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg and replaced with a nucleus from an adult somatic (non-sex) cell Egg is then transplanted into a surrogate mother where it develops into a new individual New individual is identical to the donor of the somatic cell (not the egg cell donor)
53
Negatives of SCNT
Susceptibility to disease High failure rate Adverse health effects Premature ageing Cloned food products
54
What is non-disjunction?
when a chromosome does not separate during meiosis
55
What are some issues that can occur during meiosis?
deletion – removal of a chromosomal segment duplication – a segment is repeated inversion – a segment is reversed translocation - a segment is moved to another non-homologous chromosome

Biology 2 (6 decks)

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