reproductive system Flashcards

Question

atresia of oocytes

Answer 1

amount of oocytes with age

Answer 2

**male** - the cells that help sperm develop are part of the testes. They include the Sertoli and Leydig cells **female** - the cells that help the oocyte develop make up the follicle that surrounds the oocyte. They are called Theca and Granulosa cells **primordial follicle** - primary oocyte - granulosa cells **primary** **follicle** - 1º oocyte - zona pellucida - granulosa cells **secondary follicle** - 1º oocyte - zona pellucida - granulosa cells - theca cells **Graafian follicle** - 1º oocytes → 2º - zona pellucida - granulosa cells - theca cells

Answer 3

primordial follicle secondary follicle graafian follicle primary follicle **support cells**: theca cells and granulosa cells

Answer 4

**oocytes** - usually fertilized within 12 hours of ovulation - cannot be fertilized after 24 hours **spermatozoa** - viable for approximately 48 hours in female reproductive tract

Answer 5

ovarian follicle may contain 2-3 distinguishable oocytes may contain multiple nuclei these are infrequent and often degenerate before reaching maturity _insufficient egg quality: poor maturation and cytoplasm health_ **human 3-day embryos from ART of one patients** A: recipient egg fertiziled with husband's sperm B: recipient egg injected with donor's sperm C: recipient egg injected with donor ooplasm fertilized with husband's sperm babies are born with three genomes: the nuclear component of the mother & father and the mtDNA form both the recipient and the donor

Answer 6

- IUI-intra uterine insemination - oocyte retrieval - IVF/ICSI - embryp transfer - surrogate mother - oocyte cryopreservation and cancer - embryo cryopreservation

Answer 7

oocyte: "egg" theca & granulosa cells: produce sex steroids

Answer 8

GnRH → gonadotropins gonadotropins → FSH and LH FSH and LH → Theca cells + Granulosa cells Theca cells → androstenedione (estrogen pre-cursor and stimulates granulosa cells) granulosa cells create estrogen at certain levels estrogen is an inhibitory hormone once hits a certain level is a positive feedback loop hormone

Answer 9

FSH + LH is inhibited by estrogen estrogen causes the granulosa cells to duplicate and the granulosa cells create estrogen again causing estrogen to surge and FSH + LH and GnRH to be low (inhibited

Answer 10

Fimbriae Fallopian tube: passage for sperm and oocyte ovary: oogenesis + hormones uterus: site of the implantation cervix: entrance to the uterus vagina: site of sperm deposition, removal of menstrual fluid

Answer 11

(after ovulation) lining of uterus gets thicker

Answer 12

anterior pituitary hormones follicle changes ovarian hormones: estrogen, progesterone uterine changes uterine phases **x-axis** menses, proliferative, secretory phase

Answer 13

**follicular phase** ~1-7 menstruation (least fertile) ~8-9 possible to conceive ~10-14 ovulation the fertile window (best chance of conception) **luteal phase** ~15-16 possible to conceive ~17-28 thickening of uterine lining (unlikely to conceive)

Answer 14

- loss of primary follicles means less estrogen - less estrogen means levels are so low that we lose the negative feedback effect - FSH and LH levels rise drastically, causing strange fluctuations in primary follicle recruitment, and estrogen levels - pituitary becomes exhausted, LH and FSH levels drop - cycle ends, and menopause is reached - begins to happen between ages 45-55 - symptoms include hot flashes, loss of fertility, changes in bone health, metabolic changes etc..

Answer 15

- follicular development (estrogen) peripheral (endocrine) effects: - uterine changes (estrogen & progesterone) - feedback (negative/positive) - cardiovascular health - bone density - breast changes etc. .

Answer 16

combination pill containing both estrogen and progesterone - taken for 21 days, followed by 7 placebo pills keeps estrogen at levels that negatively feedbacks to the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary main mode of function to prevent fertilization is the cervis. The levels of progesterone keep cervical mucus in a thick, barrier state can affect libido

Answer 17

intrauterine device - inserted by a physician releases low dose of progesterone affects uterine lining and affect cervical mucus does not affect ovulation lasts about 5 years

Answer 18

**endometriosis** - endometrial like tissue - outside endometrium affecting 10% of women - when blood touches these sites, they become inflamed and painful

Answer 19

vaginal canal is acidic and sperm cells die and release alkaline fluid which allows other sperms to stay alive **head** - nucleus - acrosome **tail** - neck - middle piece - principal piece - end piece **ejaculate**: 15 million/ml-200 million/ml **reach the ovum**: 50-100 **fertilization**: 1

Answer 20

ovum surrounded by cumulus cells (former granulosa cells) and zona pellucida 1. get to cumulous cells and break through using hyaluronidase 2. reaches zona pellucida & binds to oocyte membrane 3. acrosome reaction triggered 4. fuse with plasma membrane 5. block polyspermy (cortical reaction)

Answer 21

6. head enters cytoplasm of ovum 7. meiosis II completed: polar body forms 8. two nuclei fuse (diploid) 9. zygote is created 10. rapid cell dividsion (mitosis) begins

Answer 22

zygote → 4-cell stage → morula → blastocyst (day 5 post-fertiliztior) → trophoblast cells (inner cell mass) - aid in implantation of attaching to uterin lining

Answer 23

trophoblast cells (blue cells) inner cell mass (yellow cells) trophoblast cells digest endometrium (create lacunae) trophoblast enters uterus lining

Answer 24

placenta lacunae chorionic villi amniotic fluid

Answer 25

**placenta accreta:** invades past the endometrium to the myometrium **placenta percreta:** invades past the uterine wall, and attaches to other organs **placenta previa****:** covers the cervical opening

Answer 26

twins from two zygotes = dizygotic (fraternal if boys, soraral if girls) twins from one zygote = monozygotic (identical) labelling twins: twin A is closest to the cervix and will be born first if it's a vaginal birth; twin B is implanted higher up in the uterus and would be most likely born first if it is a C-section

Answer 27

twins that come from one egg that splits is called monozygotic and are identical twins can come from two different eggs, that have each been fertilized, which creates two different zygotes. non-identical

Answer 28

zygote starts to multiply by mitosis → morula → blastocyst (day 5 post-fertilization) trophoblast cells (placenta) inner cell mass (baby)

Answer 29

pregnancy: 40 weeks (280 days) after Last Normal Menstrual Period 38 weeks (266 days) after fertilization preterm birth (prematurity): born before 34 weeks

Answer 30

gestation: 40 weeks (280 days) nearly every organ system needs to change to accommodate this growing baby - joints and muscles - endocrine system - cardiovascular system - renal system - respiratory system

Answer 31

1. attach developing baby to mon 2. lots of exchange 3. hormones produced - arteries and veins resting in the maternal blood

Answer 32

- trophoblast cells make high levels of HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) - eventually the placenta starts making it's own progesterone and doesnt need the trophoblast to make HCG

Answer 33

**hormone:** relaxin: causes the joints around the pelvis to relax and the cervix to dilate - can affect other parts of the body, including feet progesterone: prevents early contraction of the uterus, strengthens pelvic wall muscles

Answer 34

**anterior pituitary** - prolactin increases - triggers breast tissue to begin producing milk first few days - produces colostrum "liquid gold" **posterior pituitary** - oxytocin increases - causes stronger uterine contractions - positive feedback loop. The stronger the contraction, the more oxytocin is produced

Answer 35

- increase in blood volume - increases in CO CO = HR x SV MAP = CO x TPR vasodilation (decreases resistance to flow) hypertension - blood pressure that is higher than 140/90 severe hypertension - blood pressure \> 150/110 hypertestion is one of the most common complications of pregnancy

Answer 36

- increased GFR - increased filtered load - increased RAAS angiotensinogen turned into → angiotensin 1 by renin angiotensin 1 turned into → angiotensin 2 by ACE angiotensin 2 stimulates aldosterone to be released from the adrenal glands

Answer 37

mom is breathes for two - increase in alveolar ventilation - increase in tidal volume - decrease in residual volume (reduced dead space) - increased PO₂ and decreased PCO₂ - respiratory alkalosis

Answer 38

nervous system begins forming → 2-3 weeks heart begins to form → 2-3 weeks taste buds appear → 7 weeks arms, legs, fingers, toes, eye, nose → 10 weeks swallowing → 10 weeks urination → 12 weeks respiratory movements → 14-16 weeks sucking movements → 24 weeks vocalization → 24-26 weeks light sensitivity → 28 weeks 11 weeks old - all major organ systems have already started to form. organs now must mature - folic acid is required for normal neural tube development (the spinal cord and associated tissue), and to prevent spina bifida - recommendation: women in their child-bearing years, and are sexually active, should be taking folic acid supplements

Answer 39

0-3 weeks: death of embryo may occur 3-8 weeks: **formation of organs →** malformation of embryo may occur (e.g. heart defect) 8-38 weeks: **growth and maturation of organ systems →** functional disturbance of fetus may occur (e.g. mental deficiency)

Answer 40

1st trimester: organ development 2nd trimester: length development 3rd trimester: gain weight