REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
(213 cards)
1
Q
primary sex organs
A
testes and ovaries
2
Q
what does gonads produce
A
gametes/sex cells & hormones
3
Q
what connects the testis to the trunk
A
spermatic cord
4
Q
the spermatic cord houses the (3)
A
blood vessels, nerves, & ductus deferens
5
Q
capsule that surrounds the testis
A
tunica albuginea
6
Q
extensions of the capsule that extend into the testis and divide into lobules
A
septa
7
Q
tightly coiled structures that forms sperm
A
seminiferous tubules
8
Q
sperm made by the seminiferous tubules travels to the __ going to the ___
A
rete testis ; epididymis
9
Q
3 duct system that transports sperm
A
epididymis, ductus/vas deferens, urethra
10
Q
stores immature sperm temporarily
A
epididymis
11
Q
it is where sperm is propelled during ejaculation
A
ductus/vas deferens
12
Q
end of the ductus deferens, which empties into the ejaculatory duct
A
ampulla
13
Q
passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra
A
ejaculatory duct
14
Q
Ductus deferens moves the sperm towards the urethra by
A
peristalsis
15
Q
smooth muscle in the walls of the ductus deferens create peristaltic waves to squeeze sperm forward
A
ejaculation
16
Q
cutting of the ductus deferens at the level of the testes prevents transportation of sperm (form of birth control)
A
vasectomy
17
Q
urethra carries
A
urine and sperm
18
Q
what causes the internal urethra sphincter to close
A
ejaculation
19
Q
3 regions of urethra
A
prostatic urethra; membranous urethra; spongy (penile) urethra
20
Q
surrounded by prostate gland
A
prostatic urethra
21
Q
prostatic urethra to penis
A
membranous urethra
22
Q
runs the length of the penis to the external urethral orifice
A
Spongy (penile) urethra
23
Q
Accessory Glands
A
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral glands
24
Q
located at the base of the bladder; produces thick yellowish secretion
A
seminal vesicles
25
seminal vesicles contain
fructose, vit C, prostaglandins, other substances that nourish the sperm
26
secretes milky fluid to help activate the sperm
prostate
27
pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate; produce thick clear mucus
bulbourethral glands
28
located in the bulbourethral glands and it cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic urine prior to ejaculation
mucus
29
lubricant during sexual intercourse
mucus
30
milky white mixture made up of sperm and other accessory glands secretions
semen
31
the liquid portion in accessory gland secretions acts as a transport medium to
dilute sperm
32
provides energy for sperm cells
fructose
33
helps neutralize the acidic environment of vagina
alkalinity of semen
34
it inhibits bacteria
semen
35
Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses the testes
scrotum
36
viable sperm cannot be produced at
normal body temp
37
Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract
penis
38
3 regions of the penis
shaft
glans penis
prepuce
39
prepuce is often removed by
circumcision
40
how does erections occur
erectile tissues are filled with blood during sexual excitement
41
chief roles of male repro
produce sperm and testosterone
42
production of sperm that begins at puberty and cont throughout life
spermatogenesis
43
are nonmotile and not functional as sperm
spermatids
44
3 regions of the sperm
head, midpiece, tail
45
it sits at the anterior of the sperm head
acrosome
46
provides genetic instructions for the sperm
head
47
provides energy for mobility of the sperm
midpiece
48
provides mobility for the sperm
tail
49
it stimulates the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
50
activates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone
luteinizing hormone (LH)
51
stimulates reproductive organ development and causes secondary sex characteristics
testosterone
52
it enhances spermatogenesis
testosterone
53
group of lipids that aside for helping in sperm viability it can also act as hormones that control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot and induction of labo
prostaglandins
54
ovaries produces
eggs (ova)
estrogen
progesterone
55
ovarian follicles in ovaries contains
oocyte
follicle cells
56
contains immature oocyte
primary follicle
57
growing follicle with maturing oocyte
vesicular (graafian) follicle
58
mature egg is ejected from the ovary;
follicle ruptures
ovulation
59
ovulation happens every
28 days
60
ruptured follicle turns into
corpus luteum
61
secure the ovaries to the lateral walls of the pelvis
suspensory ligaments
62
anchor ovaries to the uterus medially
ovarian ligaments
63
a fold of peritoneum, enclose and hold the ovaries in place
broad ligaments
64
receive ovulated oocyte from the ovaries; provide site for fertilization
uterine or fallopian tubes
65
distal funnel shaped end at uterine
infundibulum
66
fingerlike projections in infundibulum; receive oocyte
fimbriae
67
it is inside the uterine tube that transports oocyte
cilia
68
Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
uterus
69
suspends the uterus in the pelvis
broad ligament
70
anchors the uterus anteriorly
round ligament
71
anchors the uterus posteriorly
uterosacral ligament
72
3 regions of the uterus
body
fundus
cervix
73
main portion of the uterus
body
74
superior rounded region above where uterine tube enters
fundus
75
narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
cervix
76
narrow outlet that protrudes into the vagina
cervix
76
3 layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
77
Inner layer (mucosa)
Site of implantation of a fertilized egg
Sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs (menstruation or menses)
endometrium
78
the middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts during labor
myomitrium
79
the outermost serous layer of the uterus
perimitrium
80
Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual flow to leave the body
vagina
81
Female organ of copulation
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
vagina
82
partially closes the vagina until it is ruptured
hymen
83
parts of the external genitalia or vulva (6)
Mons pubis
Labia
Clitoris
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Greater vestibular glands
84
Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis;
Covered with pubic hair after puberty
mons pubis
85
skin folds
labia
86
Hair-covered skin folds
Enclose the labia minora
Also encloses the vestibule
labia majora
87
delicate, hair-free folds of skin
labia minora
88
Enclosed by labia majora
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina
vestibule
89
Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse
greater vestibular glands
90
Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
clitoris
91
similarities of clitoris with penis
has prepuce
erectile tissue
swollen w/ blood during sexual excitement
92
the clitoris lack
reproductive duct
93
Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial tuberosities laterally
perineum
94
ability to release egg begins at __ with the onset of __
puberty
menstrual cycle
95
reproductive ability ends at
menopause
96
process of producing ova
oogenesis
97
female stem cells found in a developing fetus
oogonia
98
oogonia undergo mitosis to produce
primary oocyte
99
primary oocyte are __ until puberty
inactive
100
causes some primary follicles to mature each month
FSH
101
Cyclic monthly changes
ovarian cycle
102
starts inside maturing follicle
meiosis
103
produced during first meiotic division
larger secondary oocyte
smaller first polar body
104
what stimulates the ovulation of secondary oocyte
LH
105
Secondary oocyte is released and surrounded by a
corona radiata
106
during meiosis males produce _ and females produce _
4 functional sperm
1 functional ovum and 3 tiny polar bodies
107
tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in seminal fluid
sperm
108
large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to nourish the embryo until implantation
egg
109
causes secondary sex characteristics in females__ and are produced by__
estrogen
follicle cells
110
Progesterone helps maintain pregnancy by
increasing blood supply in the endometrium where the fertilized egg is implanted
111
Prepares the breasts for milk production
progesterone
112
progesterone is produced by
corpus luteum
113
when does ovulation occurs
midway through the cycle DAY 14
114
3 stages of mentrual cycle
Days 1-5: Menstrual Phase
Days 6-14: Proliferative Phase
Days 15-28: Secretory Phase
115
Functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed
Bleeding occurs for 3 to 5 days
Menstrual Phase
116
During Menstrual Phase, the ovarian hormones are at what level
lowest level
117
during Menstrual Phase, at day 5 growing ovarian follicles are producing more __
estrogen
118
Endometrium is repaired, thickens, and becomes well vascularized
Proliferative Phase
119
during Proliferative Phase what happens to estrogen
estrogen levels rise
120
at the end of Proliferative Phase, where does ovulation occurs
ovary (day 14)
121
Corpus luteum produces this hormone that helps in the thickening and vascularization of the endometrium
at what stage does this happpen?
progesterone
Secretory Phase
122
when fertilization occurs, this hormone is produced by the embryo
human chorionic gonadotropin
123
this hormone causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones
human chorionic gonadotropin
124
what happens when fertilization does not occur
corpus luteum degenerates and LH blood levels decline
125
it functions to produce milk to nourish a newborn
mammary gland
126
mammary glands are stimulated by __ to increase in size
estrogens
127
7 parts of the mammary glands
areola
nipple
lobes
lobules
alveolar glands
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinus
128
central pigmented area
areola
129
Protruding central area of areola
nipple
130
Internal structures that radiate around nipple
lobes
131
Located w/in each lobe and contain clusters of alveolar glands
lobules
132
Produce milk when a woman is lactating (producing milk)
alveolar glands
133
Connect alveolar glands to nipple
lactiferous ducts
134
Dilated portion where milk accumulates
lactiferous sinus
135
time from fertilization until infant is born
pregnancy
136
developing offspring
conceptus
137
developing offspring
embryo
138
week 9 until birth
fetus
139
from date of last period until birth (approximately 280 days)
Gestation period
140
An oocyte is viable up to how many hrs after ovulation
24 hrs
141
sperm are viable up to how many hours after ejaculation
48
142
For fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur
no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after
143
it occurs when the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an oocyte
fertilization
144
First cell of a new individual
zygote
145
the result of the fusion of DNA from sperm and egg
zygote
146
The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions after 24 hrs
cleavage
147
3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus and floats as __ a ball of 16 cells
morula
148
Hollow, ball-like structure of 100 cells or more
Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle)
149
Blastocyst (chorionic vesicle) secretes
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
150
it induces the corpus luteum to continue producing hormones, preventing menses, until the placenta assumes its role
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
151
large fluid-filled sphere
Trophoblast
152
cluster of cells to one side
Inner cell mass
153
what happens to blastocyst by day 7 after ovulation
it is attached to the endometrium
154
Inner cell mass of blastocyst develops into
primary germ cells
155
outside layer, which gives rise to nervous system and epidermis of skin
ectoderm
156
3 primary germ layes
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
157
inside layer, which forms mucosae and associated glands
endoderm
158
middle layer, which gives rise to everything else
mesoderm
159
After implantation, the trophoblast of the blastocyst develops
chorionic villi
160
combine with tissues of the uterus to form the placenta
Chorionic villi
161
Once the placenta has formed, the __ is attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord
amnion
162
fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo
amnion
163
blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue
umbilical cord
164
Forms a barrier between mother and embryo
placenta
165
Delivers nutrients and oxygen and Removes wastes from embryonic blood
placenta
166
by the end of second month the placenta becomes an endocrine gland and takes over for the __
corpus luteum
167
produces estrogen, progesterone, and
other hormones that maintain pregnancy
placenta
168
when are the organs completely formed
eighth week
169
period from conception until birth
pregnancy
170
anatomical changes during or after pregnancy
○ Enlargement of the uterus
○ Accentuated lumbar curvature (lordosis)
○ Relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis due to production of the hormone relaxin
171
Accentuated lumbar curvature
lordosis
172
this hormone causes the relaxation of the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis
relaxin
173
physiological changes in pregnancy (gastrointestinal system)
morning sickness
heartburn
constipation
174
common and is due to elevated progesterone and estrogens
morning sickeness
175
common because of organ crowding by the fetus
heartburn
176
caused by declining motility of the digestive tract
constipation
177
true or false, during preg kidneys produce more urine and the uterus compresses the bladder causing incontinence
true
178
the series of events that expel the infant from the uterus; Rhythmic, expulsive contractions
labor
179
labor is operated by
positive feedback mechanism
180
during labor the placenta releases
prostaglandins
181
during labor the pituitary releases
oxytocin
182
initiates contractions and forces the baby deeper into the mother’s pelvis
oxytocin and prostaglandins
183
group of lipids acting as hormones that control processes
such as inflammation, blood flow, formation of blood clot
and induction of labor
prostaglandins
184
3 stages of labor
dilation
expulsion
placental stage
185
Uterine contractions begin and increase
dilation
186
Cervix softens and effaces (thins)
dilation
187
The amnion ruptures (“breaking the water”)
dilation
188
Longest stage of labor, at 6 to 12 hours
dilation
189
Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
expulsion
190
Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births
expulsion
191
normal delivery is
head first (vertex position)
192
buttocks first
breech presentation
193
delivery of placenta
placental stage
194
Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of infant
placental stage
195
All placental fragments should be removed to avoid
postpartum bleeding
196
first menstrual period
menarche
197
birth control
contraception
198
most-used contraceptive
BIRTH CONTROL PILL
199
Ovarian follicles do not mature, ovulation ceases, menstrual flow is reduced
BIRTH CONTROL PILL
200
Taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse
MORNING-AFTER PILL (MAP)
201
Disrupts normal hormonal signals to the point that fertilization is prevented
MAP
202
Other hormonal birth control devices cause cervical mucus to thicken
Minipill & Norplant
203
Plastic or metal device inserted into uterus;
Prevents implantation of fertilized egg
INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD
204
withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation
COITUS INTERRUPTUS
205
cut or cauterize uterine tubes (females)
tubal ligation
206
cut or cauterize uterine tubes (males)
Vasectomy
207
avoid intercourse during period of ovulation or fertility
rhythm (fertility awareness)
208
termination of pregnancy
abortion
209
spontaneous abortion is common and frequently occurs before a woman knows she is pregnant
miscarriage
210
induces miscarriage during first 7 weeks of pregnancy
Abortion Pill RU 486
211
a whole year has passed without menstruation
Menopause
212
○ Ovaries stop functioning as endocrine organs
○ Childbearing ability ends
○ Hot flashes and mood changes may occur
Menopause
