URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
flow of urine in the urinary system
A
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
2
Q
the kidney disposes wastes products in the urine such as
A
nitrogenous wastes
toxins
drugs
excess ions
3
Q
it maintains maintain BP in the kidney
A
renin
4
Q
it stimulates RBC production in kidney
A
eryhthropoietin
5
Q
what happens to Vit D in the kidney
A
converted into its active form
6
Q
location of kidneys
A
dorsal body wall at the parietal peritoneum
7
Q
at what level are kidneys situated
A
T12 to L3 vertebrae
8
Q
formation of kidney (which is lower an dhigher)
A
right kidney is slightly lower than the left
9
Q
A medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney
A
renal hilum
10
Q
it sits atop each kidney
A
adrenal gland
11
Q
3 protective layers enclosing the kidney
A
fibrous capsule
perirenal fat capsule
renal fascia
12
Q
encloses each kidney
A
fibrous capsule
13
Q
surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
A
perirenal fat capsule
14
Q
most superficial layer of the kidney and adrenal gland surrounding structures
A
renal fascia
15
Q
3 regions of the kidney (longitudinal section)
A
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
16
Q
outer region that provides space for arterioles, venules, & glomerulus capillaries, which connect the nephrons
A
renal cortex
17
Q
next to renal cortex
A
renal medulla
18
Q
triangular regions of tissue in the medulla
A
renal/medullary pyramids
19
Q
extensions of cortex like material that separate the pyramids
A
renal columns
20
Q
medial region that is a flat, funnel-shaped tube
A
renal pelvis
21
Q
cup shaped drains that encloses the renal pyramids
A
calyces
22
Q
provides each kidney with arterial blood supply
A
renal artery
23
Q
venous blood flow
A
A RSI ACA G EPCA IRI
24
Q
structural functions of kidney
A
nephrons
25
kidney nephrons structure (2)
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
26
2 R. Corpuscle
glomerulus
glomerular or bowman's capsule
27
a knot of capillaries made of podocytes
glomerulus
28
make up the inner (visceral) layer of the glomerular capsule
podocytes
29
is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the
glomerulus
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
30
Extends from glomerular capsule and ends when it empties into the
collecting duct
R. Tubule
31
3 subdivisions of R. Tubule
1. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
2. Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
3. Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
32
Located entirely in the cortex
cortical nephrons
33
Found at the cortex-medulla junction
juxtamedullary nephrons
34
2 capillary beds associated with nephron
1. Glomerulus
2. peritubular capillary bed
35
specialized for filtration
glomerulus
36
in glomerulus, what forces fluid and solutes out of blood and into the glomerular capsule
HBP
37
Adapted for absorption instead of filtration
peritubular capillary bed
38
3 processes of urine formation
1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. tubular secretion
39
what kind of process occurs in the filtration in the glomerular
passive process
40
what are forced through glomerular capillary walls
water and solute
41
Filtrate will be formed as long as
systemic blood pressure is normal
42
what useful substances are reabsorbed from the renal tubule
water
glucose
amino acids
ions
43
T. reabsorption, passive or active process
most are active
44
most reabsorption occurs in the
proximal convoluted tubule
45
what does T. secretion release
hydrogen and potassium ions
creatinine
46
why is T. Secretion important
Getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate
Removing drugs and excess ions
Maintaining acid-base balance of blood
47
Nitrogenous wastes in the urine
urea
uric acid
creatinine
48
end product of protein breakdown
urea
49
results from nucleic acid metabolism
uric acid
50
associated with creatine metabolism in muscles
creatinine
51
contains everything that blood plasma does (except
proteins)
filtrate
52
it is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its
water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption
urine
53
what pigment in the urine causes the yellowish color
urochrome and solutes
54
liver destroys hemoglobin
urochrome
55
solutes in urine
Sodium and potassium ions
○ Urea, uric acid, creatinine
○ Ammonia
○ Bicarbonate ions
56
what condition is caused by glucose
glycosuria
57
what condition is caused by proteins
proteinuria
58
what condition is caused by proteins
proteinuria
59
what condition is caused by pus (WBCs & bacteria)
pyuria
60
what condition is caused by RBCs
hematuria
61
what condition is caused by hemoglobin
hemoglobinuria
62
what condition is caused by bile pigment
bilirubinuria
63
non pathological cause of glycosuria
excessive intake of sugary foods
64
pathological cause of glycosuria
diabetes mellitus
65
non pathological cause of proteinuria
physical exertion & pregnancy
66
pathological cause of proteinuria
glomerulonephritis
hypertension
67
what causes pyuria
UTI
68
what causes hematuria
bleeding in UT due to trauma, kidney stones, infection
69
what causes hemoglobinuria
transfusion reaction,
hemolytic anemia
70
what causes bilirubinuria
transfusion reaction,
hemolytic anemia
71
Slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to the urinary bladder
ureter
72
ureter continues to the
renal pelvis
73
aids gravity in urine transport
peristalsis
74
Smooth, collapsible, muscular sac situated posterior to the pubic
symphysis
urinary bladder
75
stores urine temporarily
urinary bladder
76
triangular region of the urinary bladder base based on three
openings
trigone
77
the trigone has
two openings from the ureters (ureteral orifices)
one opening to the urethra (internal urethral orifices)
78
in males, what surrounds the neck of urinary bladder
prostate
79
urinary bladder -- Three layers of smooth muscle
detrusor muscle
80
made of transitional epithelium
mucosa
81
Thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by peristalsis
urethra
82
function of urethra in
males -
females -
carries urine
carries urine and sperm
83
in urethra, the release of urine is controlled by two sphincters: which is voluntary and invo?
1. internal urethral sphincter (invo)
2. external urethral sphincter (vol)
84
loc of urethra in males and females
males - prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra
females - anterior to vaginal opening
85
emptying of the urinary bladder
micturition
86
transmit impulses to the sacral region of the spinal cord
stretch receptors
87
what causes contractions when impulses travel back to the bladder
pelvic splanchnic nerves
88
Blood composition depends on three factors
diet
cellular metabolism
urine output
89
four roles in maintaining blood composition
1. Excreting nitrogen-containing wastes
2. Maintaining water balance of the blood
3. Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
4. Ensuring proper blood pH
90
normal amount of water in young adult females
50%
91
normal amount of water in young adult males
60%
92
normal amount of water in babies
75%
93
normal amount of water in the elderly
45%
94
3 main compartments of water
1. Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
2. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
3. Plasma
95
● Fluid inside cells
● Accounts for two-thirds of body fluid
Intracellular Fluid
96
Fluids outside cells; includes blood plasma, interstitial fluid
(IF), lymph, and transcellular fluid
ECF
97
Links external and internal environments
plasma
98
is the driving force for water intake
thirst mechanism
99
sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma solute concentration
Osmoreceptors
100
source of water output
lungs
perspiration
feces
urine
101
primarily responsible for reabsorption of water and
electrolytes by the kidneys
hormones
102
prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
103
are charged particles (ions) that conduct electrical current in an aqueous solution
electrolytes
104
ex of electrolytes
Sodium, potassium, and calcium ions
105
helps regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney
aldosterone
106
Most important trigger for aldosterone release
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
107
what mediates Renin-angiotensin mechanism
juxtaglomerular (JG) apparatus
108
The renin-angiotensin system works due to a
drop in blood pressure and blood volume
109
Alkalosis
pH above 7.45
110
Acidosis
pH below 7.35
111
Physiological acidosis
pH between 7.0 and 7.35
112
play greatest role in maintaining acid-base balance
kidneys
113
Other acid-base controlling systems
blood buffers, respiration
114
acids are __; bases are __
proton donors; proton acceptors
115
Three major chemical buffer systems
1. Bicarbonate buffer system
2. Phosphate buffer system
3. Protein buffer system
116
the bicarbonate buffer system is a mixture of
carbonic acid (H2CO3) and
sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
117
it is a weak acid that does not dissociate much in neutral or acid solutions
carbonic acid
118
react with strong acids to change them to weak acids
bicarbonate ions
119
it dissociates in the presence of a strong base to form a weak base and water
Bicarbonate ions
120
in respiratory mechanisms, blood pH __ when CO2 retains, but is blood pH __ when CO2 is removed
decrease
increase
121
In renal mechanisms, Bicarbonate ions are excreted and Hydrogen ions are retained by kidney tubules
blood pH rises
122
in renal mechanisms, Bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed and Hydrogen ions are secreted
blood pH falls
123
when does kidney begin to develop
first few weeks of embryonic life
124
when does the kidney start to excrete urine
third month of fetal life
125
congenital abnormalities
polycystic kidney
hypospadias
126
cluster of cysts forms in the kidney
polycystic kidney
127
opening of the urethra is at the underside of the penis instead of at the tip
hypospadias
128
Common urinary system problems in children and young to
middle-aged adults include infections caused by
fecal microorganisms,
microorganisms causing sexually transmitted infections, and
Streptococcus
129
the only common problems before old age
UTI
130
a bacterium, accounts for 80 percent of UTIs
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
131
an uncommon but serious problem in which the kidneys are unable to concentrate urine
renal failure
132
what must be done in kidneys to maintain chemical homeostasis of blood
dialysis
133
With age, filtration rate __and tubule cells become less
efficient at concentrating urine
decreases
134
problems associated with aging
urgency
frequency
nocturia
incontinence
urinary retention
135
feeling that it is necessary to void
urgency
136
frequent voiding of small amounts of urine
Frequency
137
need to get up during the night to urinate
Nocturia
138
loss of control
Incontinence
139
inability to completely empty the bladder
Urinary retention
140
common in males prostate gland a type of Urinary retention
hypertrophy
