Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy and physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

what do genetically male gonads secrete that causes sexual differentiation?

A

AMH (anti-mullerian hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does AMH do?

A

it binds to the receptor on the Mullerian duct causing the duct to atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what stimulates the Wolffian ducts and the development of male genitalia?

A

testosterone made by leydig cells of the testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where do testes form?

A

abdomen and descend by birth through inguinal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

do genetically female gonads secrete AMH?

A

no AMH, mullerian ducts remain and Wolffian ducts regress, develop genetically female genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the three layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the suspensory ligament do?

A

anchors the ovary to the pelvic wall and contains ovarian artery and vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what encloses the ovaries, fallopian tubes and uterus?

A

mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what limits side to side movement of the ovary?

A

broad ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the mesentery attached to?

A

attaches to the sides and floor of the pelvic cavity and subdivides the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the ovary stabilized by?

A

mesovarium, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what covers the female ovaries?

A

visceral peritoneum called germinal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the three main functions of the female ovaries?

A
  1. production of immature gametes (oocytes)
  2. secretion of XX sex hormones (estrogen and progestins)
  3. secretion of inhibin, involved in feedback control of pituitary FSH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in females, what is the state of primary oocytes until puberty?

A

suspended development until pubery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

during puberty, what stimulates and triggers the start of the ovarian cycle?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the female ovary release each month?

A

a secondary oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what stimulates the production of estrogen?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what two cells are responsible for the production of estrogen in the ovary?

A

theca and granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how is estrogen made in theca and granulosa cells?

A

production starts in theca cells when androstenedione is made from cholesterol. Androstenedione crosses from thecal cells into granulosa cells where it is converted into estrone or estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where are theca and granulose cells found?

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what stimulates the production of progesterone?

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

it makes endometrial layer receptive for embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is progesterone made by?

A

corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if there is no pregnancy?

A

degenerates and becomes corpus albicans, cyclical shedding of the enodmetrial layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is menopause?

A

the termination of uterine cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

when and from what does the corpus luteum develop?

A

develops from a follicle after ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does the corpus luteum make?

A

progesterone, estradiol/estrogen, inhibin, relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the function of the fallopian tubes?

A

transport oocyte from ovary to uterus, takes 3-4 days, site of fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the three segments of the fallopian tube?

A

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

an expanded funnel near ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the projections of the infundibulum that extend into pelvic cavity?

A

fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what are fimbriae lined with?

A

cilia that beat toward the middle segment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is the ampulla?

A

middle segment of smooth muscle layers that become thicker approaching the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is the isthmus?

A

short segment between ampulla and uterine wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what moves the oocyte to the uterus?

A

ciliary and peristaltic contrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

where does fertilization usually occur in the fallopian tube?

A

near boundary between ampulla and isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

when must the secondary oocyte meet spermatozoa for fertilization to occur?

A

first 12-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what cell’s secretions provide nutrient-rich environment in the fallopian tube?

A

peg cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what do peg cells secrete?

A

lipids and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

out of place pregnancy where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where does the egg settle in most ectopic pregnancies?

A

fallopian tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is the leading cause of maternal deaths in the 1st trimester?

A

ruptured ectopic pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

who is at risk for ectopic pregnancies?

A
  • PID (STI increases risk)
  • previous ectopic pregnancy
  • fallopian tube surgery
  • infertility problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is the cause of ectopic pregnancies?

A
  • the fertilized egg is unable to travel quickly enough to the uterus
  • infection of inflammation of the tube
  • PID is a common cause of blockage caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A
  1. mechanical protection
  2. nutritional support
  3. waste removal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what are the three parts of the uterus?

A

fundus, body, isthmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what epithelial type is the vagina?

A

non-keratinized, stratified squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are the folds of the epithelium called?

A

rugae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what are the distinct characteristics of the vaginal lamina propria?

A

thick and elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

true or false, the vaginal lamina propria contains small blood vessels, nerves and lymph nodes?

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

how is the vaginal mucosa arranged?

A

circular and longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the vaginal mucosa surrounded by?

A

elastic muscular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is a double uterus called?

A

uterine didephys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what is the function of the scrotum?

A

encloses testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are the two main functions of the testes?

A
  1. secrete sex hormones (androgens)
  2. produce gametes (spermatozoa)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what divides the testis into lobules?

A

septa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are the tightly coiled tubules called?

A

seminiferous tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is the function of seminiferous tubules?

A

produce sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what do seminiferous tubules connect to?

A

rete testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what connections rete testis to epididymis?

A

efferent ductules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what temperature does sperm need to develop?

A

~2 degrees lower than body temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are the three type of cells in the testes?

A
  1. germ cells
  2. Sertoli cells (nurse cells)
  3. leydig cells (interstitial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what do germ cells produce?

A

produce spermatogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what do Sertoli cells produce?

A

synthesize AMH, inhibin, androgen binding globulin, transferrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what do leydig cells produce?

A

synthesize testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what maintains the blood-testis barrier?

A

sertoli (nurse) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what secretes inhibin? and what is it’s function?

A

sertoli cells. downregulates FSH synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what is the function of androgen-binding protein?

A

keeps testosterone high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is the function of the blood-testis barrier?

A

separates seminiferous tubules from circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what does the outer basal compartment of the BTB contain?

A

spermatogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

what does the inner luminal compartment of the BTB contain?

A

meiosis and spermiogenesis occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

process of sperm formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what are the stages of sperm starting at spermatogonium?

A

spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

last step of spermatogenesis, spermatids develop into sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what hormone targets the nurse cells (sertoli cells) of the seminiferous tubules?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

what targets the interstitial cells of the testes?

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is the main function of testosterone?

A

maintains libido, secondary sexual characteristics and maintenance of the accessory glands and organs of the male reproductive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what happens to spermatogonia (stem cells)?

A

divide by mitosis. one remains as spermatogonium, second differentiates into primary spermatocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what happens to the primary spermatocyte (2n)?

A

begins meiosis and form secondary spermatocytes

80
Q

what happens to secondary spermatocytes (1n)?

A

differentiate into spermatids (immature gametes)

81
Q

what happens to spermatids (1n)?

A

differentiate into spermatozoa

82
Q

what happens to spermatozoa?

A

lose contact with wall of seminiferous tubule and enter fluid in lumen

83
Q

when does sperm become highly specialized?

A

spermiogenesis = spermatids become mature spermatozoa

84
Q

what are spermatids attached to?

A

cytoplasm of sertoli cells

85
Q

what happens at spermiation?

A

spermatozoon loses attachment to sertoli cell and enters the lumen of seminiferous tubules

86
Q

what are the 4 parts of the spermatozoon?

A
  1. head
  2. neck
  3. middle piece
  4. tail
87
Q

what is the function of the head of the sperm?

A

contains nucleus and chromosomes. Also acrosome, enzyme essential to fertilization

88
Q

what is the function of the neck of the sperm?

A

connects head to middle piece

89
Q

what is the function of the middle piece of the sperm?

A

contains mitochondria which provides ATP to move tail

90
Q

what is the function of the tail of the sperm?

A

flagellum that is a whiplike organelle that moves cell from one place to another

91
Q

true or false, mature spermatozoon has no ER, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes, inclusions, no glycogen or energy reserves?

A

true

92
Q

true or false, spermatozoa from the testes are physically mature but CANNOT fertilize an oocyte?

A

true

93
Q

what is the pathway of sperm?

A

testis, epididymis, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

94
Q

function of the epididymis?

A

monitors and adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules, protects and stores spermatozoa, facilitates functional maturation but immobile

95
Q

what is the function of the vas deferens?

A

lined by ciliated epithelium and has peristaltic contractions that move sperm from storage sites into the urethra

96
Q

what are the three accessory organs of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. seminal vesicles
  2. prostate gland
  3. bulbo-urethra gland
97
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

produce about 60% of semen volume

98
Q

what is the function of the prostate gland?

A

produces prostatic fluid (slightly acidic) which is around 20-30% volume of semen. contains seminal plasmin, a protein with antibiotic properties

99
Q

what is the function of the bulbo-urethral glands?

A

secrete thick, alkaline mucus that helps neutralize urinary acids in urethra and also lubricates the glans

100
Q

what is found in seminal fluid?

A

fructose, prostaglandins, fibrinogen

101
Q

what is the function of fructose in seminal fluid?

A

easily metabolized by spermatozoa

102
Q

what is the function of prostaglandins in seminal fluid?

A

stimulate smooth muscle contractions

103
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen in seminal fluid?

A

forms temporary clot in vagina

104
Q

why is seminal fluid slightly alkaline?

A

to neutralize acids in prostate gland and vagina

105
Q

what is capacitation?

A

changes in sperm that occur in order to fertilize the ovum

106
Q

sperm becomes motile when?

A

mixed with secretions of seminal glands

107
Q

sperm becomes capable of fertilization when?

A

exposed to female reproductive tract. may also involve CFTR

108
Q

zoospermia

A

live sperm in the ejaculate

109
Q

azoospermia

A

absence of sperm in the ejaculate

110
Q

teratospermia

A

presence of sperm but abnormal morphology

111
Q

astenozoospermia

A

reduced sperm motility

112
Q

oligozoospermia

A

low sperm count

113
Q

oligosthenospermia

A

both reduced sperm motility and low sperm count

114
Q

Congenital bilateral absence of the Vas Deferens

A
  • bilateral agenesis of the vas deferens & atrophy of seminal vesicles and large portion of epididymis
  • common in those with CF
  • can have sperm surgically extracted
115
Q

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

A
  • hypertrophy of prostate gland that restricts passage of urine through the urethra
  • bladder may hypertrophy to help move urine and contract even when not full leading to frequent urination
  • UTI if urine remains in bladder
116
Q

Erectile Dysfunction

A
  • inability to maintain erection
  • requires an intact vascular, neural, endocrine, mental and intracellular signaling system
117
Q

how is ED treated?

A

drugs that protect cAMP by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 degradation in the corpus cavernosum. increase cAMP, increase smooth muscle relaxation, more blood flow to penis. include viagra and cialis

118
Q

true or false, humans are born with a lifetime supply of eggs

A

true

119
Q

true or false, in females, oocytes lay dormant until puberty?

A

true

120
Q

what is ovulation?

A

monthly selection of a follicle

121
Q

what is the function of the uterus?

A

site of implantation and placentation

122
Q

what is menstruation?

A

hormone responsive shedding of the endometrium

123
Q

what is the ovarian cycle?

A

monthly series of events associated with the maturation and release of an oocyte

124
Q

over how long does the ovarian cycle occur?

A

~28 days

125
Q

what are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. follicular phase
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal phase
126
Q

what stimulates the growth of follicles and estrogen production during the follicular phase?

A

FSH and LH

127
Q

what do estrogen levels do to levels of FSH and LH?

A

negative feedback loop, inhibiting the release of FSH and LH

128
Q

what is the overall state of estrogen during the follicular phase?

A

slow increase

129
Q

what is selected for preferential growth?

A

dominance of a tertiary follicle

130
Q

what happens to the follicle during mid cycle?

A

dominant follicle produces increasing amounts of estrogen

131
Q

what is the overall state of estrogen during the ovulation/mid cycle phase?

A

increasing amounts until estrogen levels peak

132
Q

what do the high estrogen levels do?

A

postiive feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary which triggers and LH surge

133
Q

what is the overall state of LH during ovulation phase?

A

LH surge

134
Q

what does the LH surge stimulate?

A

ovulation: release of oocyte from follicle into abdominopelvic cavity

135
Q

what happens to the follicle cells that remain in ovary?

A

undergo luteinization forming a corpus luteum

136
Q

what does the corpus luteum do during the luteal phase?

A

produces significant levels of progesterone and estrogen

137
Q

what do CL hormones do?

A

exert negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit LH and FSH

138
Q

after how long does the CL die if there is no conception?

A

14 days

139
Q

what is the uterine menstrual cycle?

A

cyclic changes in the endometrium in response to ovarian hormones

140
Q

what are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. menstrual phase (1-5)
  2. proliferative phase (preovulatory 6-14)
  3. secretory phase (post ovulation 15-28)
141
Q

what is menses?

A

shedding of the endometrium resulting in vaginal bleeding

142
Q

what happens when fertilization does not occur?

A
  1. CL degenerates
  2. progesterone and estrogen levels plummet
  3. endometrial arteries kink and spasm
  4. endometrial cells begin to die
  5. endometrial layer (stratum functionalis) sloughs off
143
Q

when does the menstrual cycle reinitiate?

A

day 1 of menses

144
Q

what is amenorrhea?

A

absence of menstrual periods

145
Q

what are physiological amenorrhea?

A

pre-puberty, pregnancy, lactation, menopause

146
Q

what is primary amenorrhea?

A

failure of menses to occur with puberty

147
Q

what is secondary amenorrhea?

A

cessation of menses in previously menstruating females

148
Q

what is the major cause of anovulation?

A

obesity

149
Q

how does obesity affect the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis?

A
  • discordant GnRH secretion patterns
  • altered pituitary response to gonadotropins
  • disrupted ovarian steroidogenesis
150
Q

what is obesity a state of?

A

functional hyperandrogenism

151
Q

how does obesity cause anovulation?

A

obesity increases insulin resistance which results in compensatory hyperinsulinemia. This causes the liver to secreted reduced SHBG which leads to increased androgen activity and impaired follicle development

152
Q

true or false, clinical guidelines do support fertility therapy in obese individuals?

A

false, success is poor, high complications

153
Q

what is an unintended pregnancy?

A

defined as either an unwanted or mistimed child

154
Q

what % of pregnancies are unwanted and what is the leading cause of unwanted pregnancies?

A

45%. inconsistent or incorrect use of contraception

155
Q

what are the two types of hormonal contraception?

A
  1. combined hormonal preparations
  2. progestin-only preparations
156
Q

what is combined hormonal preparations?

A
  • both synthetic estrogen and progesterone
  • exposure to estrogen and progestin for 3 weeks followed by 1 week of no hormones
  • hormones impait folliculogenesis and inhibit ovulation
  • induces endometrial development
  • removal of exposure induces menses
157
Q

what is progestin only preparations?

A
  • contraindications for estrogen
  • progestin only pull or injection
  • exposure impacts reproductive tract and folliculogenesis
  • thicken cervical mucus to block sperm
  • impart endometrial development
158
Q

LARC?

A
  • longer acting reversible contraception
  • 12y
  • intra-uterine device or subcutaneous implants
159
Q

what does hormonal IUD release?

A

progestin into uterus (up to 7 years)

160
Q

what does copper IUD do?

A

provides mechanical barrier (up to 12 years) that blocks sperm from reaching and fertilizing egg. prevents implantation but does NOT inhibit ovulation

161
Q

what do hormonal implants do?

A

flexible matchstick implant that secretes progestin (3 years)

162
Q

what are two forms of emergency contraception?

A
  1. IUD
  2. Morning after pills
163
Q

how do emergency IUDs work?

A

insertion up to 5 days after unprotected sex. up to 99% success rate.

164
Q

how do morning after pills work?

A

take up to 5 days. 75-90% reduction of pregnancy chances. better if 3 days.

165
Q

what is levonorgestrel?

A
  • plan B
  • synthetic progestin
  • blocks LH surge and delays ovulation
  • <155 pounds
166
Q

what is ulipristal acetate?

A
  • progesterone receptor modulator
  • blocks LH surge and ovulation
  • > 155 pounds
167
Q

what is trichomoniasis caused by?

A

a parasite

168
Q

what are three STIs caused by bacteria?

A

syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia

169
Q

what is trichomoniasis cured by?

A

antibiotic

170
Q

what is the most common STI in the US?

A

Genital HPV infection

171
Q

what can easily stop senital HPV infection?

A

vaccine

172
Q

true or false, genital warts is NOT a common symptom of HPV infection?

A

false

173
Q

what STI has become increasingly resistant to antibiotics?

A

gonorrhea

174
Q

how is chlamydia cured?

A

easily cure by antibiotics

175
Q

if HIV is untreated what can it lead to?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

176
Q

what is the most common vaginal infection?

A

bacterial vaginosis

177
Q

what is the most common “notifiable condition” reported to the CDC?

A

chlamydia

178
Q

why are STI rates higher among college students?

A

alcohol consumption imparts judgement

179
Q

what STIs are not curable?

A

herpes, hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, and HPV

180
Q

what STIs are curable?

A

syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis

181
Q

what are some common symptoms of an STI?

A
  • painful urination, unusual discharge, skin changes (bumps, sores, etc), genital itching or pain, pelvic discomfort or pain, testicular pain
182
Q

what two STDs have symptoms that are indistinguishable?

A

gonorrhea and chlamydia

183
Q

is there a vaccine for gonorrhea?

A

meningitis vaccine provides protection against gonococcal infections

184
Q

what sample is most often tested for gonorrhea using what test?

A

urethral gonorrhea tested in urine by nucleic acid amplification tests

185
Q

why might is be so hard to treat STIs like gonorrhea?

A

pharyngeal gonorrhea infections due to oral sex

186
Q

what percentage of women and men are asymptomatic?

A

75% of women and 50% of infected men

187
Q

why is STI preferred over STD?

A

because many with STI/STD don’t have symptoms

188
Q

how does chlamydia get into the peritoneal cavity?

A

travels up vagina, through cervix, out of fallopian tube into peritoneum

189
Q

what can occur if STI gets into peritoneal cavity?

A

pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) can increase risk of infertility

190
Q

what percentage of women with chlamydia develop PID?

A

10-15%

191
Q

true or false, the damage caused by chlamydia is always reversible?

A

false, each episode of PID doubles the risk of permanent tubal damage

192
Q

what long term damage can trachomatis infections cause?

A

damage the fallopian tubes and lead to blockage of the fallopian tubes and fibrotic scarring

193
Q

what about female anatomy increases a women’s risk of STD?

A

lining of vagina is thinner and easier to penetrate than skin of penis, vagina is moist, fallopian tubes open to peritoneal cavity which can spread into the abdominal cavity

194
Q

where in the body does chlamydia reside?

A

intracellular, mucosal epithelial cells of the vagina, urethra, fallopian tubes, anus and rarely the throat

195
Q

what specific epithelial cell type does chlamydia typically infect?

A

ciliated simple columanr cells at mucosal sites

196
Q

what is the lifecycle of chlamydia?

A

enters the body in elemntary bodies
interacts with glycogen
replicates
reorganize back to EBs
lysis or extrusion spreads to other cells/people

197
Q

what unique problem can occur due to chlamydial infections?

A

neonatal conjunctivitis from perinatal transmission
trachoma (blindness)

anatomy and physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions