reproductive system

Question 1

what do testes produces and secretes

Answer 1

produce sperm
secretes the hormone testosterone.

Question 2

what type of tissue is tunica albuginea.

Answer 2

dense CT
[thick, white connective tissue covering the testis]

Question 3

what happens when the tunica albuginea invaginates (folds inward)

Answer 3

divides the inside of the testis (parenchyma) into pyramidal compartments

Question 4

these are pyramidal compartment

Answer 4

testicular lobules
- contain seminiferous tubules and interstitial (Leydig) cells

[interstitial cells (Leydig cells) produce testosterone]

Question 5

this is where spermatogenesis occurs

Answer 5

seminiferous tubules
- consist of a seminiferous epithelium
- surrounded by a tunica propria

Question 6

these are tall columnar cells that give structural organization to the tubules.

Answer 6

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
- nourishes the spermatogenic cells
- divide the seminiferous epithelium into basal and
adluminal compartments

Question 7

regularly replicate and differentiate into mature sperm

Answer 7

Spermatogenic cells

Question 8

spermatogenesis is divided into three distinct phase

Answer 8

Spermatogonial phase
Spermatocyte phase
Spermatid phase (spermiogenesis)

Question 9

briefly explain the Intratesticular ducts

Answer 9

ppt

Question 10

briefly explain the Excretory Genital Ducts

Answer 10

ppt

Question 11

function of the male accessory glands

Answer 11

produce secretions that mix with sperm to form semen, which is essential for reproduction.

Question 12

briefly explain the 3 main male accessory glands

Answer 12

Seminal vesicles
- secrete fructose-rich fluid that gives energy to sperm and helps with sperm motility

Prostate gland
- produces a milky, slightly acidic fluid that helps sperm survive in the female reproductive tract.

Bulbourethral gland
- secrete a clear, mucus-like fluid that lubricates the urethra before ejaculation.

Question 13

these are paired, elongated, and highly folded tubular
gland

Answer 13

seminal vesicles

Question 14

how much of the semen does the seminal vesicle fluid make up

Answer 14

bout 70% of the total ejaculate

Question 15

what are the fluids from the seminal vesicles

Answer 15

Fructose, inositol, citrate, and other metabolites.
Prostaglandins
Fibrinogen

Question 16

the largest accessory sex gland of the male
reproductive system

Answer 16

Prostate Gland
- secrete a clear, slightly alkaline (pH7.29)

Question 17

briefly explain the 4 zones of the The adult prostatic parenchyma

Answer 17

1. Central zone
   - surrounding the ejaculatory duct.
2. Peripheral zone
   - surrounding the central zone and occupies the posterior and lateral parts of the gland.
3. Transitional zone
   - surrounding the prostatic urethra.
4. Periurethral zone
   which contains mucosal and submucosal glands.

Question 18

what characterizes the prostate gland

Answer 18

by the prostatic glandular epithelium, which is generally simple columnar, or occasionally pseudostratified

Question 19

these are concentric lamellated bodies formed by deposited glycoproteins and keratan sulfate

Answer 19

Prostatic concretions (corpora amylacea)

Question 20

what are the prostates that consists of branched tubuloacinar glands lined with prostatic glandular epithelium.

Answer 20

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Prostate acid phosphatase (PAP)
Fibrinolysin
Citric acid

Question 21

what do bulbourethral (Cowper) gland secrete

Answer 21

preseminal fluid

Question 22

lining of Bulbourethral Glands

Answer 22

• composed of compound tubuloalveolar glands lined with simple columnar epithelium with varying length.
• secretes clear, mucus-like glandular secretion containing considerable amounts of
  galactose,
  galactosamine,
  galacturonic acid,
  sialic acid,
  methylpentose.

Question 23

what does the penis consist principally

Answer 23

Corpora cavernosa
- two dorsal masses of erectile tissue

Corpora spongiosum
- a ventral mass of erectile tissue where the urethra is
embedded

Tunica albuginea
- a dense fibroelastic layer, binds the three together.

Question 24

ovaries
- shape
- lining

Answer 24

almond-shaped bodies
covered by a
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- the surface epithelium, continuous with the mesothelium
- overlying capsule of dense CT, tunica albuginea.

Question 25

it provide the microenvironment for the developing oocyte

Answer 25

Ovarian follicles

Question 26

three basic types of ovarian follicles

Answer 26

Primordial follicles Growing follicles Graafian follicles

Question 27

briefly explain Primordial follicle, Primary follicle AND Secondary (antral) Follicle

Answer 27

Primordial follicle: - Independent of gonadotropin stimulation. - Oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous follicle cells. Primary follicle: - First stage in the development of the growing follicle. - The oocyte at this stage secretes glycoproteins that are assembled into zona pellucida. Secondary (antral) Follicle: - Characterized by fluid-containing antrum (contains liquor folliculi)

Question 28

where do thec ollapsed follicle undergoes reorganization after ovulation.

Answer 28

into the corpus luteum - Granulosa lutein cells (GLC) begin producing progesterone. - Theca lutein cells (TLC) continue to produce estrogens. *both cells are driven by the luteinizing hormone.

Question 29

these are paired tubes that extend bilaterally from the uterus toward the ovaries.

Answer 29

Uterine Tubes - walls are compose of 3 layers Serosa Muscularis Mucosa (simple columnar ep composed of both ciliated and nonciliated cells)

Question 30

layers of uterine wall

Answer 30

Endometrium - Stratum functionale (Functional layer) - Stratum basale (basal layer) Myometrium Perimetrium *myometrium and endometrium undergo cyclic changes each month to prepare the uterus for implantation of an embryo. these changes constitute the menstrual cycle.

Question 31

it is is a continuum of developmental stages in the functional layer of the endometrium.

Answer 31

menstrual cycle

Question 32

briefly explain the 3 successive phases of the menstrual cycle

Answer 32

Proliferative phase: - occurs concurrently with follicular maturation - influenced by ovarian estrogen secretion. Secretory phase: - coincides with the functional activity of the corpus luteum - primarily influenced by progesterone secretion. Menstrual phase: - commences as hormone production by the ovary declines with the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

Question 33

it makes up the lower, cylindrical part of the uterus, and differs histologically from the rest of the uterus.

Answer 33

cervix

Question 34

endocervical mucosa vs exocervical mucosa in cervix

Answer 34

The endocervical mucosa: - is a simple columnar epithelium on a thick lamina propria, with cervical glands. The exocervical mucosa: - is found near the upper part of the vagina - characterized by nonkeratinized stratified squamous ep.

Question 35

it is a fibromuscular tube that joins internal reproductive organs to the external environment.

Answer 35

vagina - vaginal wall consists of mucosal muscular adventitial