Reproductive System Flashcards
Gender determination terms: homologous structures, genital tubercle, urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold, clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, glans penis, urethral orifice, scrotum, genetic gender, XX, XY, TDF gene, testosterone, phenotypic gender
- homologous structures- the similar structures btwn male/female, originate from common developmental structures(primordia) and serve a common function in adults.
- genital tubercle-
- urogenital fold-
- labioscrotal fold-
- clitoris-
- labia minora-
- labia majora-
- glans penis-
- urethral orifice-
- scrotum-
- genetic gender-
- XX-
- XY-
- TDF gene-
- testosterone-
- phenotypic gender-
Gender determination terms: homologous structures, genital tubercle, urogenital fold, labioscrotal fold, clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, glans penis, urethral orifice, scrotum, genetic gender, XX, XY, TDF gene, testosterone, phenotypic gender
- homologous structures- the similar structures btwn male/female, originate from common developmental structures(primordia) and serve a common function in adults.
- genital tubercle- is a rounded structure anterior to the urogenital folds. p.873
- urogenital fold- are paired, elevated structures on either side of the urogenital membrane, a thin partition separating the urogenital sinus from the outside of the body, p. 873
- labioscrotal fold- paired elevated structures lateral to the urethral folds. p.873
- clitoris- small erectile body, usually less than 2 cm in length, located at the anterior regions of the labia minora.
- labia minora- are paired folds immediately internal to the labia major. they are devoid of hair and contain a highly vascular layer of areolar connective tissue.(have sebaceous glands)
- labia majora- paired, thickedn folds of skin and connective tissue. homologous to male scrotum, contain sweat/sebaceous glands covered w/ coarse hair.
- glans penis- is the sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the human penis. The glans is anatomically homologous to the clitoral glans of the human female.
- urethral orifice-is the opening or meatus of the urethra. It is the point where urine exits the urethra in males and in females, and also where semen exits the urethra in males.
- scrotum- a skin covered sac btwn thighs provides the cooler environment needed for normal sperm development and maturation.
- genetic gender- gender based on his or her chromosomes, determined at fertilization
- XX- genetic female
- XY- genetic male
- TDF gene- (testis determining factor) on the Y chromosome, if the Y chromosome is present hormones like testosterone are produce initiating male development, if a Y chromosome is absent or abnormal a female develops.
- testosterone- chemical hormone responsible for male characteristics
- phenotypic gender- sex determined by appearance of an individuals internal and external genitalia.
Testes terms: gubernaculums, cryptorchidism, scrotum, tunica albuginea, tunica vaginalis, cremaster muscle, cremaster reflex, spermatic cord, vasectomy
- gubernaculums- aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries). The testes descend to a greater degree than the ovaries and ultimately pass through the inguinal canal.
- cryptorchidism- undescended testicle
- tunica albuginea- thick, white, fibrous capsule, covers the testis and lies immediately deep to the visceral layer of the tunica vaginalis.
- tunica vaginalis- covers each testis both anteriorly and laterally by a serous membrane.
- cremaster muscle-s found only within the male human body and covers the testis. The muscle moves the testis, promoting healthy and motile sperm. The cremaster muscle lowers and raises the testis in order to control its temperature.
- cremaster reflex-is a contraction of the cremaster muscle, in response to the stroking of the thigh, which results in retraction of the testicle. Absence of the reflex is an ominous sign when assessing an acute scrotum.
- spermatic cord- refers to a collection of vessels, nerves and ducts that run to and from the testes. They are surrounded by fascia, forming a cord-like structure.
- vasectomy- cutting of vas deferens in males for birth control
Male accessory gland terms: seminal vesicles, prostaglandins, fructose, prostate gland, seminalplasmin, citric acid, prostate-specific antigen(PSA), bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles- secrete semen w/ prostaglandins and fructose to help nourish sperm, forms ejaculatory duct w/ ductus deferens
- prostaglandins-secreted by seminal vesicles, are hormone like substances that promote the widening and slight dilation of the external os of the cervix.
- fructose- sugar secreted by seminal vesicles to nourish sperm
- prostate gland- under urinary bladder produce component of seminal fluid.
- seminalplasmin- produced by the prostate gland, is an antibiotic that combats urinary tract infections in the male.
- citric acid- produced by the prostate gland, is a nutrient for sperm health.
- prostate-specific antigen(PSA)- produced by prostate gland, acts as an enzyme to help liquify semen following ejaculation.
- bulbourethral gland-secrete mucin that forms mucous, a lubricated component of seminal fluid that lubricates and buffers urethra prior to ejaculation.
spermatogenesis terms: spermatogonium, meiosis, spermatids, seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa, sustentacular cell, spermiogenesis, acrosomal cap, spiral mitochondria, flagellum, immature spermatozoa, head, mid-piece
- spermatogonium-diploid cells,23 pairs for 46 total, initiate production of sperm by mitosis division, one cell produce new germ cell (spermatogonium) to make sure never depleted
- meiosis- cell division that reduces chromosome by half creating 4 haploid cells
- spermatids-is a haploid cell surround by the sustentacular cell, formed from secondary spermatocytes after meiosis II, immature male sex cell
- seminiferous tubules- located in testes location of germination, maturation, and transportation of sperm.
- spermatozoa- mature male sex cells or sperm.
- sustentacular cell- non dividing support cells, assist w/ sperm development, provide a protective environment for developing sperm, also release hormone inhibit when sperm count is to high.
- spermiogenesis- is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature, motile spermatozoa.
- acrosomal cap- head of sperm containing digestive enzymes that help penetrate the secondary oocyte for fertilization.
- spiral mitochondria-The tail of a sperm contains many mitochondria and they run in a spiral like form along the length of the tail.
- flagellum- tail of sperm formed from organized micro tubules
- immature spermatozoa- immature sperm do not have mobility
- head-contains the nucleus with densely coiled chromatin fibres, surrounded anteriorly by an acrosome
- mid-piece- region containing mitochondria and a centriole, mitochondria provide energy to move the tail.
ovary terms: oogonium, estrogen, progesterone, germinal epithelium, tunical albuginea, cortex, medulla, mesovarium, primary follices, secondary follicles, vesicular follicle, corpus luteum, corpus albicans
- oogonium- primordial germ cells, diploid cells, 23 pairs of chromosome, start process of meiosis and stop at prophase 1
- estrogen- produced by corpus luteum, stimulates the buildup of the uterine lining and prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum.
- progesterone-produced by corpus luteum, stimulates the buildup of the uterine lining and prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum.
- germinal epithelium- surrounds ovary, thin simple cuboidal epithelial layer
- tunical albuginea- connective tissue capsule deep in the germinal epithelium which surrounds the ovary.
- cortex- outer portion of ovary containing ovarian follicles
- medulla-inner portion of ovary is composed of areolar connective tissue and contains branches of the ovarian blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
- mesovarium- double fold of peritoneum attaches to each ovary at its hilum, which is the anterior surface of the ovary where its blood vessels and nerves enter.
- primary follicles- forms from a maturing primordial follicle. consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by follicular cells, secretes estrogen as it matures stimulating changes in the uterine lining.
- secondary follicles- formed from primary follicle, contains primary oocyte/granulosa cells/antrum(fluid filled space),
- vesicular follicle- mature follicle, contains a secondary oocyte, that has completed meiosis I, mature follicles become large
- corpus luteum- left over of follicle after oocyte is expelled during ovulation, secretes estrogen and progesterone stimulating buildup of the uterine lining and prepare the uterus for possible implantation of a fertilized ovum.
- corpus albicans- the result of the breakdown of corpus luteum, mostly resorbed, some remain in ovary
Oogenesis terms: primordial follicles, primary follicles, primary oocyte, prophase I, puberty, meiosis I, secondary oocyte, polar body, ovulation, meiosis II, metaphase II, fertilization, ovum, zygote
-primordial follicles-most primitive ovarian follicle, consists of primary oocyte surrounded by a single layers of squamous follicle cells.
-primary follicles- forms from a maturing primordial follicle. Each primary follicle consists of a primary oocyte surrounded by one or more layers of cuboidal follicular cells, now called granulosa cells, primary follicle secretes estrogen as it matures.
-primary oocyte- is an oocyte that is arrested in the first meiotic phase.
-prophase I-n prophase I of meiosis, pairs of homologous chromosomes intertwine and the process called crossing over occurs as chromatids from homologous pairs of chromosomes swap genetic information.
-puberty- when a female child reaches puberty, hypothalamus increases release of gonadoropin releasing hormone, which stimulates anterior pituitary to release follicle stimulating hormone/ leutenizing hormone in a cyclic manner creating the ovarian cycle
-meiosis I-Meiosis is the process by which replicated chromosomes undergo two nuclear divisions to produce four haploid cells, also called meiocytes (sperms and eggs).
-secondary oocyte- is an oocyte that is arrested in metaphase II
-polar body- a nonfunctional cell that later deteriorates, formed when the primary oocyte finishes meiosis I and two cells form
-ovulation- occurs on day 14 of 28 day ovarian cycle, the release of the secondary oocyte from a mature follicle.
-meiosis II-Secondary oocyte undergoes MEIOSIS II, Producing an ovum and another polar body
(in theory the first polar body can also divide)
-metaphase II- arrests secondary oocyte,
-fertilization- when egg and sperm meet becoming a single cell
-ovum- is the ovum nucleus that combines with the sperm nucleus to produce the diploid fertilized cell(zygote).
-zygote-diploid fertilized cell, result of ovum and sperm.
Female- see lab objectives plus: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, ectopic pregnancy, uterine ostium, peristalsis, cilia, uterine cycle, hymen
- infundibulum- is the free funnel shaped, lateral margin of the uterine tube.
- ampulla-is the expanded region medial to the infundibulum. Fertilization of a secondary oocyte typically occurs there.
- isthmus- extends medially from the ampulla toward the lateral wall of the uterus. It forms about 1/3 of the length of the uterine tube.
- ectopic pregnancy- refers to a fertilized oocyte implanting in a location other than the uterine endometrium.
- uterine ostium- the uterine opening of the oviduct
- peristalsis-rhythmic movements of the myometrium, seen especially during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.
- cilia-
- uterine cycle- three distinct phases of endometrium development. menstrual phase(1-5), proliferative phase(6-13), proliferative phase(14), secretory phase(15-28)
- hymen- mucosal folds near the external vaginal opening that project into the lumen to form this vascularized, membranous barrier, hymen is typically perforated during the first instance of sexual intercourse.
Ovarian cycle terms: FSH, primordial follicles, primary follicles, primary oocyte, zona pellucida, theca cells, secondary follicles, follicular fluid, vesicular follicle, secondary oocyte, ovulation, LH, follicular phase, corona radiate, corpus luteum, estrogen, progesterone, corpus albicans, luteal phase, HCG, placenta, ovarian cysts
- FSH- (stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicles)women, FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and the production of eggs by the ovaries. The amount of FSH varies throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle and is highest just before she releases an egg (ovulates). In men, FSH helps control the production of sperm. The amount of FSH in men normally remains constant.
- primordial follicles-primary oocyte, fetal period
- primary follicles-primary oocyte, puberty
- primary oocyte- an oocyte that is arrested in the first meiotic prophase.
- zona pellucida- translucent structure that contains glycoproteins, protective layer for primary oocyte as ovulation occurs.
- theca cells-are the endocrine cells associated with ovarian follicles that play an essential role in fertility by producing the androgen substrate required for ovarian estrogen biosynthesis. Theca cells differentiate from the interfollicular stroma in response to proteins secreted from growing follicles.
- secondary follicles- primary oocyte, puberty
- follicular fluid-is a liquid which fills the follicular antrum and surrounds the ovum in an ovarian follicle. This fluid is rich in hyaluronic acid
- vesicular follicle- mature follicle, contrains secondary oocyte, when a vesicular follicle ruptures and releases oocyte the process is ovulation
- secondary oocyte- has completed meiosis I and is arrested in the second meiotic metaphase.
- ovulation- when a mature cell ruptures and expels its secondary oocyte, is when a mature egg is released from the ovary, pushed down the fallopian tube, and is made available to be fertilized.
- LH- (stimulates ovulation) helps regulate the menstrual cycle and egg production (ovulation). How much LH is in a woman’s body depends on the phase of her menstrual cycle. This hormone goes up fast just before ovulation occurs, In men, LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which plays a role in sperm production.
- follicular phase- occurs btwn days 1-13 of a 28 day ovarian cycle, phase where follicles mature in ovaries and end with ovulation
- corona radiata- external to the zone pellucida, protective structure for the primary oocyte.
- corpus luteum- no oocyte, puberty, remnants of ruptured follicle
- estrogen- initiates/maintains growth of the functional layer of the endometrium
- progesterone- primary hormone responsible for functional layer growth after ovulation; causes increase in blood vessel distribution, uterine gland size, and nutrient production
- corpus albicans- no oocyte, puberty, breakdown scar tissue remnants of corpus lute
- luteal phase- occurs during days 15-28 of the ovarian cycle, when granulosa cells from ruptured mature follicle turn into corpus luteum and build up uterine lining and prepare for possible implantation.
- HCG- hormone released by successful implantation to signal corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone stabilizing the uterine lining(signal in pregnancy tests)
- placenta- part of fetus starts producing its own estrogen/progesterone after 3 months to support fetus, attaches to wall of uterus forms umbilical chord and helps provide nutrients/expel waste
- ovarian cysts- Cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the ovaries. They are very common. They are particularly common during the childbearing years. There are several different types of ovarian cysts. The most common is a functional cyst. It forms during ovulation. That formation happens when either the egg is not released or the sac – follicle – in which the egg forms does not dissolve after the egg is released.
