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Reproductive System Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Leydig Cells

A

human testicle

have receptor for Luteinizing hormone which activated synthesis of testosterone

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2
Q

dihydrotestosterone

A

testosterone can be activated by 5-a reductase in sertoli cells to a more potent DHT

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3
Q

theca cells

A

receptors for luteinizing hormone which activates synthesis and secretion of primarily androgens

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4
Q

follicle granulosa cells

A

have receptors for follicle-stimulating hormone and use androgens to synthesize estrogen and secrete primarily estradiol.

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5
Q

Aromatase

A

forms the aromatic ring of estorgens which will bend ring A in a upward configuration which is needed for recognition by the estrogen receptor

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6
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

condition when testes do not descend into scrotum

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7
Q

sertoli cells

A
  • seminiferous epithelium
  • secrete inhibin ( inhibits FSH secretion)
  • secrete androgen-binding protein (binds testosterone to keep concentration high)
  • TJ join adjacent cells (blood-testis barrier)
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8
Q

Germ Cell Testicular Tumors

A
  • Seminoma ( Classical and Spermatocytic)

- Stromal Tumors ( Leydig Cell)

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9
Q

Ducts of Testes

A

Intratesticular and Excurrent ducts

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10
Q

Excurrent ducts

A

efferent ductules, epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts

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11
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • paired glands posterior to bladder

- secrete a white, yellowish, alkaline, vicious fluid (contains fructose & prostaglandins)

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12
Q

Prostate

A
  • Single gland inferior to bladder
  • biomarker is Prostate specific antigen
  • most prostatic carcinomas arise from peripheral zone
  • benign prostatic hyperplasia (transition zone)
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13
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

A
  • Proliferation of glandular epithelium
  • transition zone
  • formation of numerous nodules
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14
Q

male urethra

A

prostatic (transitional epithelium), membranous, and penile (spongy)- ( pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium)

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15
Q

erection

A

Parasympathetic stimulation
NO–> guanylate cyclase –> cGMP

fibers from pelvic splanchnic, to the erectile tissue travel via the prostatic plexus and run to the erectile tissues as the cavernous nerves

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16
Q

ejaculation

A

sympathetic stimulation

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17
Q

Primordial germ cells

A

arise from embryonic yolk sac

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18
Q

oogonia

A

mitosis of primordial germ cells

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19
Q

primary oocyte arrested at

A

prophase of meiosis 1 until puberty

all are formed at birth

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20
Q

Theca interna cells

A

steroid secreting cells - produce androstenedione ( precursor of estrogen)

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21
Q

Granulosa cells

A

(receptors for FSH) secrete aromatase, an enzyme that converts androstenedione to estrogen

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22
Q

Ovulation

A

surge of luteinizing hormone
prior, primary oocyte completes first meiotic division
secondary oocyte enters second meiotic division and is arrested at metaphase
secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells are released

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23
Q

corpus luteum

A

if released ovum is fertilized, functions for 8 weeks

hormones inhibit LH and FSH

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24
Q

granulosa lutein cells

A

secrete progesterone

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25
theca lutein cells
secrete progesterone and androgens
26
Fallopian tube/ oviduct / uterine tube
- conduct ova expelled from ovary to uterus | - infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, intrauterine
27
Proliferative phase
follicular phase/ estrogen phase this phase follows menstruation (day 5-14) under influence of estrogen spiral arteries lengthen and coil slightly
28
secretory phase
``` progesteron phase, luteal phase starts after ovulation under influence of progesterone glands become elongated, coiled, dilated late phase ( saw tooth appearance) ```
29
menstrual phase
withdrawal of progesterone causes ischemia of spiral arteries, epithelium degenerates functional layer sheds-- menstration
30
Transformation Zone of cervix
squamo-columnar junction | all precancerous cervical lesions develop here
31
syncytiotrophoblastic cells
secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin
32
Perineal body
a fibrous body where all the perineal muscles converge and attach to the perineal membrane
33
Episiotomy
the pelvic and perineal muscles may tear during childbirth severe post partum complications with external anal sphincter ... oblique cut through the bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscles may help prevent excessive damage
34
ischioanal fossa
fat filled area surrounding the anal canal, traversed by fibrous bands. support the anal canal and permid its distention during defecation
35
Pudendal nerve - somatic motor innervation
external anal sphincter, ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosusu, perineal pouches
36
pudendal nerve- somatic sensory
anus, scrotum/ labia, penis/ clitoris, lower 1/4 of vagina
37
Pudendal nerve - sympathetic innervation
scrotum/ labia, penis, anal region
38
pudendal nerve branches
- inferior rectal nerve - external anal sphincter - perineal nerve - dorsal nerve of the penis and clitoris
39
Lymph fro penis/ clitoris and labia minora
deep inguinal nodes
40
lymph from perineal skin
horizontal superficial inguinal lymph
41
Rickets / Osteomalicia
in children Rickets, adults Osteomalacia due to vitamin D deficiency low levels of Ca & Phosphate
42
Ovary
blood supply: ovarian artery from aorta venous drainage: into ICV on right and renal vein on left lymph: lumbar nodes
43
proper ovarian ligament
attached ovary to uterus
44
suspensory ligament
suspends ovary in the pelvic cavity consisting of ovarian vasculature
45
isthmus
part of uterine tube, narrowest portion directly attached to uterus
46
ampulla
part of uterine tube, where fertilization of the ovum takes place
47
infundibulum
widest portion and has fimbria at the opening- facilitates movement of ovum into tube
48
uterine position
anteflexed- bent forward - uterine body to cervix | anteverted - turned forward- cervix to vagina
49
uterine prolapse
due to the loss of support by the cardinal/ uterosacral/ pubocervical ligaments and levator ani
50
rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)
lowest point in the ABD cavity in the upright position
51
Culdoscope
endoscopic instrument that can be inserted through posterior part of vaginal fornix to examine ovaries or uterine tubes
52
body of uterus, cervix, upper vagina lymph
lymph: external & internal iliac nodes
53
lower vagina lymph
superficial inguinal
54
Above PPL
uterine tubes, uterus body- visceral afferents for pain travel via sympathetics (inferior hypogastric plexus)
55
Below PPL
lower porition of cervix, urinary bladder, upper vagina, large intestine after middle of sigmoid colon- visceral afferents for pain travel via parasympathetics
56
lower 1/4 of vagina
somatic pain fibers via pudendal nerve
57
testes lymph
lumbar nodes
58
prostates, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens
internal illiac nodes
59
Kidney develops from
pronephros, mesonephros, metanephros (will form definitive kidney)
60
Urogenital Sinus
develops the bladder and urethra
61
Testes Dertermining Factor
encoded by the SRY gene on the short arm of the Y chromosome which acts as the switch for testes development
62
Antimullerian hormone AMH
produced by sertoli cells
63
Gubernaculum
developing testes is connected to the area on the anterior ABD wall
64
processus vaginalis
forms the tunica vaginalis
65
Congenital inguinal hernia
if the connecting portion of the processus vaginalis does not obliterate it leaves a patency in the inguinal canal here intestines may herniate through - hydrocele - indentified by transillumination
66
Cryptorchidism
testes do not descend into the scrotum | usually found in inguinal canal
67
Ectopic testes
after descending into the inguinal canal, it may become lodged in various locations
68
development of mesonephric ducts
male genital ducts stimulated by testosterone from leydig cells
69
development of paramesonephric ducts
female gential ducts- occurs unless suppressed by AMH from sertoli cells
70
double uterus
incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts
71
bicornate uterus
incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts is superior
72
unicornate uterus
incomplete development of one of the paramesonephric ducts
73
rudimentary horn
failure of parts of one or both paramesonephric ducts to develop
74
vaginal agenesis
failure of the sino-vaginal bulbs to develop and form the vaginal plate. absence of the vagina is usually accompanied by absence of uterus.
75
vagina atresia
incomplete canalization of the vaginal canal
76
imperforate hymen
failure of vaginal plate to perforate
77
Canal of Nuck
If the processes vaginalis remains patent
78
scrotum is formed ?
labioscrotal swellings
79
penile urethra formed?
phallic part of UG sinus
80
vental surface of penis and spongy urethra formed?
urogenital folds
81
penis formed?
genital tubercle
82
clitoris is formed?
phallic tubercle
83
urogenital folds form
labia minora --( do not fuse)
84
vestibule of vagina formed?
phallic part of UG sinus
85
labia majora
formed by labioscrotal swellings- do not fuse
86
Hypospadias
failure of urethral folds to unite results in abnormal urethral orifices on the ventral surface of penis
87
Epispadias
urethra opens on the dorsal surface of penis
88
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
individuals who appear female but have 46, XY- results from cellular resistance to testosterone
89
implantation
posterior wall of uterus close to fundus
90
ectopic pregnancy
any implantation outside of the endometrium of the uterus
91
human chorionic gonadotrophin hCG
secreted by syncytiotrophoblast | prevents involution of corpus luteum
92
Amniotic band syndrome
amniotic bands can amputate the limbs
93
Neural Tube Defects
deficiency in folate, increase in alpha fetal protein

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