Reproductive System Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
External Genitalia of Female
A
Labia Majora. Labia minor, and mons pubis
2
Q
Labia majora
A
two large rounded folds supported by adipose tissue
3
Q
Labia minora
A
inside of labia majora
4
Q
Vestibule
A
in between the labia minor. Urethral and vaginal orifices are found
5
Q
clitoris
A
Where the labia minor connect anteriorly
6
Q
What is the importance of the clitoris?
A
contains erectile tissue and become engorged with blood during sexual arousal.
7
Q
3 functions of the vagina
A
female organ of copulation. 2. birth canal. 3. provides a channel for monthly menstrual flow
8
Q
Where does the vagina end?
A
at the cervix of the uterus
9
Q
Uterus
A
womb, pear shaped.
10
Q
How big is the uterus?
A
About 7.5 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3 cm thick
11
Q
Walls of the uterus
A
Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium
12
Q
Endometrium function
A
Has two more layers
13
Q
two sub lays of endometrium
A
Functional layer and inner layer
14
Q
Functional Layer
A
layer sloughed off during menstrual cycle
15
Q
Inner layer
A
has stem cells that proliferate to replace functional layer as a new menstrual cycle begins.
16
Q
Myometrium
A
the bulk of uterine wall, smooth muscle that contracts during labor
17
Q
Perimetrium
A
covers the uterus. serous membrane
18
Q
How big are the fallopian tubes
A
10 cm long
19
Q
Functions of fallopian tubes
A
conduct the ovum from ovary to uterus
20
Q
How is ovum moved
A
through the beating cilia, peristalsis like contractions.
21
Q
Regions of the fallopian tubes
A
- Uterine Portion
- Isthmus
- Ampulla
- Infundibulum
22
Q
Uterine Portion
A
passes through the walls of the uterus
23
Q
Isthmus
A
short and narrow region
24
Q
Ampulla
A
Longes and widest part of the uterine tubes (7-8 cm)
25
Where does fertilization take place?
in the ampulla
26
What are the distal ends of each Fallopian tube called?
Infundibululm
27
What are the long finger like extensions that cover the ovary?
Fimbriae
28
Ovary size
2-3.5 cm
29
What is folliculogenesis
Developing the ovarian follicle
30
What is oogenesis
development of matura ova
31
What are the hormones produced by? (estrogen, progesterone)
Cells of ovarian follicle, later by the corpus luteum
32
2 regions of ovary
medulla and cortex
33
Where does folliculogensis and oogenesis take place?
Cortex
34
Medulla of Ovary
provides path for blood vessels and nerves to enter the ovary.
35
Where do testes develop?
The abdominal cavity
36
Where are testes housed?
scrotum
37
What muscles help with regulating temperature for spermatogenesis?
Dartos muscles
38
What kind of muscle are in the dartos muscles?
smooth
39
What is the cord that passes through the inguinal canal?
Cremaster muscle
40
What type of muscle is the cremaster muscle?
skeletal muscle
41
What happens to the muscle when the temperature outside the body is cold?
the muscles contract, pulling the testes closer to the body to increase the temperature
42
What happens to the muscle when the temperature outside the body is warm?
the muscles relax, allowing the testes to move away from the body to lower testicular temperature.
43
Testes size
about 4-5 cm long
44
Connective tissue sheath surrounding scrotum
Tunica albuginea
45
Tunica albuginea branches into what?
septa, divides into lobules
46
What are in each lobule?
seminiferous tubules are housed here
47
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
seminiferous tubules
48
Cells that produce testosterone
Interstitial cells of Leydig or Leydig cells.
49
Where are Leydig cells located?
Tissue around the seminiferous tubules
50
What are the rete testis?
The structure formed then the seminiferous tubules come together
51
What do the rite testis further diverge into?
Efferent ductules
52
what forms the epididymis?
where the efferent ductules exit the testes
53
Where does final maturation of sperm take place?
Epididymis
54
How long does it take for sperm to become motile in the epididymis?
10-14 days
55
epididymis is continuous with what?
vas deferens
56
Seminal Vesicles
60% off seminal fluid
57
Functions of Seminal Vesicles
Fructose and citric acid to fuel sperm
Fibrinogen, protects sperm from acidic environment of vagina.
Prostaglandins- decrease the viscosity of cervical mucus allowing sperm to more easily enter the uterus.
58
Prostate gland
30% of seminal fluid
59
Prostate gland function
includes clotting factors that helps neutralize acidic environment in male urethra and female tract.
60
Bulbourethral glands
5% of seminal volume
61
Bulbourethral glands Function
contain mucus to lubricate urethra and buffers to neutralize aces in urethra and vagina.
62
Where does the final 5% of seminal volume in the sperm come from?
epididymis
63
Male urethra segments
Prostatic Urethra
Membranous Urethra
Penile Urethra
64
3 erectile tissues of the penis
2 Corpora cavernosa
| Corpus spongiosum
65
Corpora Cavernosa
Run side by side above the urethra
66
Corpus Spongiosum
surrounds the urethra
67
What forms the plan penis?
The tips of the penis the corpus spongiosum forms this
68
Cells in the yolk sac after an embryo begins to form
Primordial germ cells (PGCs)
69
Where do PGCs migrate?
From yolk sac to the dorsal boundary of embryo
70
Diploid Number cells
Mitosis
71
Cells that can divide in different manner
Meiosis
72
Zygote
when the male and female cells combine
73
When does the hypothalamus start to produce GnRH?
8-9 years old
74
When is menstruation normal for girls
12-13 years old
75
Age for fertile ejaculations for boys
between 13-15 years old
76
What does GnRH trigger in the anterior pituitary?
Luteinizing and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (LH) and (FSH)
77
What does LH and FSH trigger?
production of testosterone in testes and estrogen production in the ovaries
78
Effects of LH and FSH in males
penis and scrotum growth. Facial hair growth
Larynx elongated, lowering voice, shoulders broader, body, armpit and pubic hair growth, musculature increases body wide.
SPERMATOGENEISIS
79
Effects of LH and FSH in females
Breasts develop and mature, hips broaden, pubic hair growth, FOLLICULOGENESIS
80
What is spermatogenesis?
the process by while male germ cells develop into gametes
81
In the embryo, in male part formation when is the ligament that develops?
Gubernaculum
82
When does the testes descend into the scrotum?
By the 3rd month of pregnancy
83
What opening do the testes go through to descend into scrotum?
Inguinal canal
84
Cells in the Seminiferous tubules
Sertoli cells and Leydig Cells
85
Sertoli cell Function
protect and nourish developing germ cells.
86
Leydig cells
testosterone producing cells
87
Hormones that regulate male reproduction processes
GnRH, FSH, LH
88
What does FSH do in males?
sperm production in the Sertoli cells
89
What does LH do in males?
Binds to the Leydig cells and production of testosterone
90
Leydig cells secrete what?
Testosterone
91
What is secreted by the Sertoli cells?
Inhibin
92
Functions of Testosterone
Stimulation of growth of genitalia, with FSH it is required for spermatogenesis, Stimulation of growth of pubic and axillary hair, it is also responsible for the male secondary characteristics.
93
What are some male secondary sexual characteristics?
Hair on face, hypertrophy of larynx, increased melanin, thick skin, increased protein synthesis which increases muscle mass, increased metabolism, rapid bone growth, increased RBC
94
How are Sertoli cells connected?
tight junctions
95
What creates the blood-testis barrier?
the connection of the Sertoli cells
96
What can happen if the blood testis barrier is compromised?
Immune cells can attack them causing infertility in the male
97
What cells does FSH target?
Sertoli cells
98
What happens when FSH receptors on Sertoli cells are activated?
The cells increase in number and size, leading to testicular growth. Lumen is produced that creates larger size. Spermatogenesis is initiated.
99
Steps of Spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium undergoes mitosis and results in 2 primary spermatocytes.
2. Meoisis I
results in two secondary spermatocytes
3. Meiosis II
haploid-results in 4 spermatid
4. sperminogensis, results in spermatozoa (sperm)
100
Segments of the Sperm
Head, Tail, Midpiece
101
What is the acrosome?
remnants of Golgi body that is filled with hydrolytic enzymes that will be used to help digest the protective layers surrounding the egg
102
Where is the acrosome found?
IN the head segment of sperm.
103
What is the nucleus capped by?
Golgi Body remnants
104
What does the midpiece contain?
centriole, and mitochondria generates the ATP powers that power the tail
105
The tail
Flagellum, for swimming motions
106
How does the tail propel the sperm forward?
This sliding motion causes waves of curvature or bending in the tail.
