Reproductive System

Question 1

What is the pouch of serous membrane surrounding each testes?

Answer 1

Tunica vaginalis

Question 2

Where are testes kept to keep them cool?

Answer 2

Scrotum

Question 3

What is the purpose of the seminiferous tubules in testes?

Answer 3

Site of germination, maturation and transport of sperm cells to epididymis

Question 4

What muscle is found in the skin of the scrotum?

Answer 4

Dartos smooth muscle

Question 5

What defines the midline of the penis and scrotum?

Answer 5

Raphe

Question 6

What divides the scrotum?

Answer 6

Septum

Question 7

Where are ovaries situated?

Answer 7

In the peritoneal cavity

Question 8

What characteristic feature of the fallopian tube allows ovum to enter during ovulation?

Answer 8

The end of the tube is fimbriated

Question 9

What is the fundus of the uterus?

Answer 9

The end of the uterus that extends into the peritoneal cavity

Question 10

What is the purpose of thickening of fascia on pelvic wall?

Answer 10

Supportive uterine ligaments

Question 11

What do gonads produce?

Answer 11

Seed cells/gametes

Question 12

What are the layers of the female gonads from inside out?

Answer 12

Granulosa, theca interna, theca externa

Question 13

What is the structure of a sperm?

Answer 13

Consists of a head, a neck containing mitochondria and a tail

Question 14

What do female gonads produce?

Answer 14

Oocytes by oogenisis

Question 15

What do male gonads produce?

Answer 15

Sperm by spermatogenesis

Question 16

What processes are gonadal hormones involved in?

Answer 16

Gamete production
Conception
Pregnancy
Lactation

Question 17

Describe the common stages of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis

Answer 17

Hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH

Pituitary glands then release hormones luteinising hormone LH and the follicle stimulating hormone LSH

Question 18

What response is brought about in the ovaries by the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis?

Answer 18

Progesterone and oestradiol released

Question 19

What is the function of progesterone?

Answer 19

Regulates condition of inner lining of uterus, needed for implantation and maintenance of fertilised oocytes

Question 20

Function of oestradiol?

Answer 20

Matures and maintains reproductive system
increased levels during menstruation allow maturation and release of egg and thickening of uterine wall to allow egg to implant

Question 21

What response is brought about in the male gonads by the hypothalamic pituitary-gonadal axis?

Answer 21

testosterone produced by Leydig cells

Question 22

What is the hypophyseal portal system?

Answer 22

System of blood vessels in microcirculation at the base of the brain that connects the anterior pituitary gland with the hypothalamus

Question 23

What secretes GnRH?

Answer 23

Preoptic nucleus neurons which target gonadotropes

Supraoptic nucleus neurons

Question 24

Where is GnRH secreted?

Answer 24

Into hypophyseal portal system and delivered to anterior pituitary gonadotropes

Question 25

Consequences of GnRH release being pulsatile?

Answer 25

- requires less energy - does not desensitise tissue receptors - stress influences secretion

Question 26

What gonadotropins are secreted by the gonadotrobes in the pituitary gland?

Answer 26

FSH and LH which target the gonads

Question 27

What is the endocrine function of the ovaries?

Answer 27

Theca and granulosa cells work cooperatively to secrete oestradiol

Question 28

What do oocytes contain?

Answer 28

Follicles in verious stages of development (primordial, primary, secondary, teriary, Grafiaan)

Question 29

What are theca cells?

Answer 29

The superficial layer of the oocyte follicle containing LH receptors

Question 30

What are the functions of theca cells?

Answer 30

convert cholesterol to pregenolone | produce androstenedione and testosterone

Question 31

What forms the cavity inside female gonads that don't enclose the oocyte?

Answer 31

Antrum

Question 32

What morphological change occurs in granulosa cells during follicle development?

Answer 32

Layers increase in size from primary to secondary follicle development

Question 33

Function of granulosa cells?

Answer 33

Have LH and FSH receptor | convert cholesterol into pregnenolone and activate aromatase

Question 34

When does oogenesis occur?

Answer 34

In fetal stage

Question 35

Outline process of oogenesis?

Answer 35

Primordial germ cells (oogonia) increase in number Many mature into oocytes At 20 weeks gestation oocyte numbers reach max Oocyte numbers decline until exhausted

Question 36

What are the 3 main oestrogens?

Answer 36

Oestradiol oestrone oestriol

Question 37

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 37

Theca and granulosa cells

Question 38

What are the 2 divisions of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 38

Ovarian cycle which happens first | Endometrial cycle

Question 39

What is the first phase of the ovarian cycle and what occurs during it?

Answer 39

Follicular phase: development of mature Graafian follicle and secondary oocyte

Question 40

What separates the follicular and the luteal phase?

Answer 40

Ovulation

Question 41

What is the second phase of the ovarian cycle that occurs after ovulation and what occurs during it?

Answer 41

Luteal phase: corpus luteum actions such as synthesis and secretion of oestrogen and progesterone

Question 42

Function of corpus luteum

Answer 42

Secretes hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone but degenerates in 10-12 days if there is no fertilisation

Question 43

What are the 3 phases of the endometrial cycle in order?

Answer 43

Proliferative phase Secretory phase Menstruation

Question 44

What occurs in the proliferative phase of the endometrial cycle?

Answer 44

Increase in oestrogens mediating endometrial growth Blood vessels and glands grow Ovulation marks end of phase

Question 45

What occurs in the secretory phase of the endometrial cycle?

Answer 45

Decrease in oestrogens results in maturation of endometrium Mucus glands develop Glands and blood vessels increase in surface area

Question 46

What occurs during menstruation of endometrial cycle?

Answer 46

If no conception, endometrial lining is replaced Vasoconstriction of spiral arteries Local ishaemic injury Inflammatory cell infiltration

Question 47

What occurs in the mammary glands?

Answer 47

Lactation: milk production and secretion Breast tissue prepared during puberty by female gonadal hormones Further development in pregnancy by oestrogens, progestins, hCG from fetus, and prolactin

Question 48

What regulates milk production?

Answer 48

Prolactin

Question 49

What mediates milk "let-down"

Answer 49

Oxytocin

Question 50

What is contained in the testis?

Answer 50

Leydig cells blood vessels seminiferous tubules (produces sperm and houses Sertoli cells)

Question 51

Where does testicular endocrine functions occur?

Answer 51

Leydig and Steroli cells

Question 52

Explain spermatogenesis

Answer 52

Spermatogonium develops into primary spermatocytes, then secondary spermatocytes, then spermatids and then spermatozoa

Question 53

What regulates spermatogenesis?

Answer 53

Testosterone

Question 54

Explain what happens when LH binds to its receptor on the Leydig cell?

Answer 54

Causes testosterone production Testosterone enters Sertoli cell FSH stimulation activates aromatase which forms oestradiol

Question 55

What is oestradiol's function in Leydig cells?

Answer 55

Regulates protein synthesis in the nucleus

Question 56

Testosterone effect on bone?

Answer 56

Growth of bone and connective tissue

Question 57

Effect of testosterone on muscle?

Answer 57

Growth of muscle and connective tissue

Question 58

Effect of testosterone on reproductive organs?

Answer 58

Growth and development of testes, protstate, seminal vesicles and penis Growth of facial, axillary and pubic hair Growth of larynx Spermatogenesis

Question 59

Effect of testosterone on skin?

Answer 59

Increase in sebaceous gland size and secretions

Question 60

What do Sertoli cells do?

Answer 60

facilitate the progression of germ cells to spermatozoa

Question 61

Effect of progestins on breast tissue?

Answer 61

Increased lobular development | decreased milk production

Question 62

Effect of progestins on reproductive organs?

Answer 62

Decreased endometrial growth | Increased endometrial secretions

Question 63

Effect of progestins on tempertature?

Answer 63

Increased internal temperature

Question 64

Effect of oestrogen on bone?

Answer 64

Increased growth by osteoblasts

Question 65

Effect of ostrogen on endocrine system?

Answer 65

Increased progesterone responses

Question 66

Effect of oestrogen on the liver?

Answer 66

Increased clotting factors | Increased steroid binding proteins

Question 67

Effect of oestrogen on the reproductive organs?

Answer 67

Increased uterine growth Increased vaginal and fallopian tube growth increased breast growth Increased cervical mucus secretion Increased LH receptors on granulosa cells

Question 68

Explain what causes the shift from negative to positive feedback during oestrogen and progestin secretion?

Answer 68

Upregulation of receptors when oestrogen levels are increased. Results in LH and FSH surge

Question 69

What differences are there between testosterone and oestrogen secretion?

Answer 69

Testosterone has one primary hormone