Reproductive System Flashcards
What is Seminal Fluid composed of?
male system
Fructose Citric Acid Bicarbonate Fibrinogen ( thickener ) Fibrinolytic enzymes
What does the Spermatic cord contain?
male system
It is formed at deep inguinal ring
Contains structures:
- Testicular artery
- Pampiniform plexus ( v )
- Autonomic and GF nerves
- Lymph vessels
- Vas deferens
What muscles is the penis made of?
male system
2x Corpora Cavernosa
1x Corpora Spongiosum
How does Erection and Ejaculation happen?
( male system )
- physiological changes during erection specifically
( arterial relaxation due to stimulation = pressure = venous drainage obstruction )
Erection due to Parasympathetic stimulation
Ejaculation due to Sypathethic stimulation
( P oint and S hoot )
What do the Bulbo-urethral glands do?
male system
It is below the prostate
Secretes sugar-rich mucus into urethra for lubrication and contributes to pre-ejaculatory emissions from penis.
Arterial supply to the Testes?
( male system )
Lymphatic drainage to Testes?
( male system )
Testicular arteries from aorta via spermatic cord
Para-aortic lymph nodes
( Can indicate routes for cancer spreading e.g. testicular cancer could spread to para-aortic lymph nodes )
What are the three layers of the testes making up a capsule?
What do these contains?
(Inside – > out )
Tunica Vasculosa: has blood vessels
Tunica Albuginea: forms septa seperating testis into lobules
Tunica Vaginalis: covers testes and epidydimis
What three layers is the uterus composed of?
Endometrium ( sensitive )
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Where are the ovaries?
What is the Fallopian tube?
Inside peritoneal cavity ( rest is outside )
Have cilia and spiral muscle to waft egg, fertilisation happens in ampula.
Fimbriae open up into ovaries where the eggs are
What is the structure of the Uterus?
-Top of uterus = uterine fundas
-Suspended by = pelvic floor muscles ( levator ani + coccygeus ) 3 ligaments ( broad + round + uterosacral ligaments )
- Lined by specialised epithelium = serosa ( peritoneal ) myometrium ( thick smooth muscle ) endometrium ( usually shed during periods due to ischemia from vasoconstriction due to progesterone drop.
Spermatogonia life cycle?
Spermatogonia are there from birth
Gametogenesis begins at puberty ( spermatogonia –> spermatozoa )
Through differentiation and self-renewal the pool is available throughout life
1500 sperm / sec
Oogonia life cycle?
Before birth : Oogonia multiplies to 6 million
These develop into Oocytes in Ovarian follicles = primordial follicle these begin meiosis but are locked in prophase until puberty.
Some primordial follicle degenerate
At birth: 2 million remain
At puberty: 0.5 million remain
spermatogonia into sperms?
44XY Spermatogoniusm undergo mitosis –> primary spermatocytes
44XY Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 1 –> secondary spermatocytes
22X/Y Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 –> spermatids
22X/Y spermatids differentiate –> spermatozoa –> mature sperm
- all occuring in seminiferous tubules
What are the Seminiferous tubules?
Describe their structure?
Each tubule surrounded by tunica popria ( flattened cells forming a basement membrane )
Lying against the inside of basement membrane are spermatogonia - as they move in they mature forming spermatocytes and then spermatids released into duct
Characteristics of Sertoli cells?
Within Seminiferous tubules
FSH receptors
Produce Inhibin
Function:
- support developing germ cells
- assist germ cell moving to tubular lumen
- transfer nutrients from capillaries to germ cells
Oogonium to Ova?
Oogonium ( mitosis ) –> 1^0 oocytes –> ( meiosis I ) 2^Oocytes –> ( meiosis II ) = OOtids
Ootids differentiate to Ova
What is a polar body?
A cell that separates from an oocyte during meiosis and that contains a nucleus produced in the first or second meiotic division and very little cytoplasm.
Steps occuring in folliculogenesis?
1 - primordial follicle 2 - Primary follicle 3 - Secondary follicle 4 - Mature follcile 5 - Ruptures surface of ovary 6 - Copus Luteum
1 - primordial follicle - 1 Oocyte at birth
2 - Primary follicle = Preantral : 10 Oocyte and layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells
3 - Secondary follicle = Antral : Fluid-filled cavity (antrum) develops, FSH and LH receptors
4 - Mature follicle = graafian : Forms due to LH surge,
2 Oocyte formed
5 - Ruptures surface of ovary
6 - Copus Luteum :
Progesterone & oestrogen (stim by LH/HCG)
In pregnancy, progesterone & oestrogen production taken over by placenta
Female hormones?
Oestrogens : Oestrodiol, Oestrone, Oestriol
Progesterones : Progesterone
Androgens : Testosterone, Androstenedione, DHEA
Relaxin
Inhibin
Characteristics of Theca cells?
Asocciated with outer part of follicles
Function:
- support follicule development
- structural and nutrient support
- Hormone synthesis
- LH stimulates androgen synthesis
- overactivity = high androgen levels = infertility cause
Characteristics of Granulosa cells?
Associated with inner part of follicles
Function:
-Hormone synthesis:
FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens (by aromatase)
Secrete Inhibin & Activin (effects on FSH
-After ovulation:
Turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce:
Progesterone (-ve feedback, promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium)
Relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/cervix)
What is the hypothalamus - pituitary gonad axis?
Kisspeptin –> GnRH –> LH/FSH from gonadotrophs ( pituitary) –> Gonads –> Testosterone/Oestrogen (+ other)
What rhythm for Sex steroids have compared to GnRH+LH?
- Diurnal rhythm
- Pulsitile
Negative feedback?
Ostestrogen/progesterone feedbacks to kisspeptin
testerone?
