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BIO > Reproductive System: Female > Flashcards

Reproductive System: Female Flashcards

1
Q

Primary sex organs of the female reproductive system:

A

Ovaries
◦ Produce ova gametes & secrete sex hormones (estrogens & progesterone)

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2
Q

Internal genitalia of the female reproductive system (located in pelvic
cavity):

A

ovaries & duct system
(uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina)

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3
Q

External genitalia of the female reproductive system

A

Vulva – external
sex organs

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4
Q

Ovarian follicles are

A

Sac-like structures: oocyte (immature egg), encased
by one or more layers of different cells

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5
Q

Stages of ovarian follicle development:

A

◦ Primordial follicles
◦ Primary follicles
◦ Secondary follicles
◦ Antral (Graafian) follicles

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6
Q

Ovulation is

A

1 maturing follicle ejecting its oocyte from the ovary (approx. each month)

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7
Q

A ruptured follicle that transforms into a glandular structure which eventually degenerates is

A

Corpus luteum
◦ Continues to release hormones
◦ Can play important role during pregnancy before placenta forms

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8
Q

Functions of the uterine tubes (fallopian tubes or oviducts)

A

◦ Form beginning of uterine duct system
◦ Receive the ovulated oocyte, & provide a site for fertilization
◦ Does not have direct contact with the ovaries

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9
Q

Fimbriae are

A

Ciliated projections at end of tube closest to the ovary
◦ Create a current to move the ovulated oocyte from the peritoneal cavity into uterine tube

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10
Q

The uterus is

A

A hollow, thick-walled muscular organ that functions to receive, retain, & nourish a fertilized ovum

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11
Q

The major part of uterus is

A

Body

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12
Q

Narrow outlet of the uterus projecting into the vagina is

A

Cervix

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13
Q

3 layers of the uterine wall:

A

◦ Perimetrium – serous, outermost
◦ Myometrium – bulky, smooth muscle
◦ Endometrium – mucosal lining

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14
Q

Layer of endometrium that changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles

A

Functional layer
◦ Shed during menstruation in response to ↓progesterone from ovaries

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15
Q

Layer of endometrium that forms the new functional layer after menstruation

A

Basal layer
◦ Unresponsive to ovarian hormones

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16
Q

The vagina is a passageway for:

A

◦ Delivery of an infant & menstrual blood
◦ Receiving the penis & semen during sexual intercourse

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17
Q

The 3 layers of the vaginal wall are:

A

◦ Adventitia – outer, fibroelastic
◦ Muscularis – middle, smooth muscle
◦ Mucosa – inner, ridged (epithelial cells produce a glycogen-rich fluid that
is metabolized by bacteria into lactic acid to produce an acidic environment of pH 4.5 for protection)

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18
Q

An adipose-rich rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis

A

Mons pubis

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19
Q

2 elongated folds of skin that extend posteriorly from mons pubis (homologous to scrotum)

A

Labia majora (singular labia majus)

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20
Q

2 thin folds of skin enclosed by labia majora (homologous to spongy urethra)

A

Labia minora

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21
Q

Recess enclosed by labia minora, containing vaginal & urethral openings

A

Vestibule

22
Q

Paraurethral glands or female prostate

A

Skene’s glands
◦ Homologous to penile prostate

23
Q

Produce lubricating fluid

A

Bartholin’s glands (greater vestibular glands)
◦ Homologous to male bulbourethral glands

24
Q

Highly innervated erogenous zone of erectile tissue anterior to the vestibule

A

Clitoris
◦ Homologous to the penis

25
Q

The ovarian cycle is

A

Set of events that occur in the ovaries in relation to development, maturation,
& ovulation of an oocyte

26
Q

At the same time as the ovarian, the uterine (menstrual) cycle prepares

A

The endometrium for a fertilized ovum that can result in pregnancy

27
Q

Female reproductive cycle refers to both

A

The ovarian & uterine
cycles, & hormonal changes that occur throughout body

28
Q

Follicular phase:

A

Follicle develops & oocyte within it undergoes meiosis
◦ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) promotes growth of dominant follicle

29
Q

During follicular phase, ovulation occurs when

A

The ovary wall ruptures & a secondary oocyte is expelled
◦ following a peak in luteinizing hormone (LH)

30
Q

Luteal phase:

A

Formation of corpus luteum that secretes progesterone & some estrogens

31
Q

If a pregnancy occurs in luteal phase:

A

Corpus luteum persists until matured placenta takes over its hormone-producing role (~ 3 months)

32
Q

If a pregnancy doesn’t occur in luteal phase:

A

Corpus luteum starts degenerating into corpus albicans & hormone release ends

33
Q

During childhood release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is inhibited by

A

Growing ovaries secreting small amounts of
estrogens

34
Q

At puberty release GnRH is stimulated by

A

◦ Hypothalamus becoming less sensitive to estrogens
◦ Begins to release GnRH in a rhythmic manner
◦ Once the adult pattern of hormone cycles is established – the first menstrual cycle, menarche, occurs

35
Q

Effects of LH in the female reproductive system:

A

Initially stimulates androgen release from thecal cells (converted to estrogen by granulosa cells)

36
Q

Effects of FSH in the female reproductive system:

A

Main effects on granulosa cells of maturing follicles to release estrogens

37
Q

In females release of GnRH & FSH is inhibited by

A

Moderate levels of estrogen in the blood plasma
◦ exerts negative feedback on hypothalamus & anterior pituitary

38
Q

Function of inhibin in females:

A

◦ Inhibits FSH release
◦ Released by granulosa cells

39
Q

Effect of high levels of estrogen from the mature follicle just before ovulation:

A

Briefly exerts positive feedback on the anterior pituitary; leading to ↑LH

40
Q

LH surge just before ovulation:

A

◦ Triggers secondary oocyte maturation & ovulation
◦ Stimulates formation of corpus luteum from ruptured follicle & its secretion of progesterone & some estrogens (important for endometrium maintenance)

41
Q

In ovulation secretion of progesterone, estrogen, & inhibin by corpus luteum inhibits

A

Release of GnRH, LH, & FSH via negative feedback

42
Q

LH levels fall & corpus luteum degenerates leading to ↓estrogen/progesterone if

A

Fertilization does not occur

43
Q

The uterine menstrual cycle is a series of cyclic changes that the uterine endometrium goes through each month in response to

A

Changing levels of ovarian hormones in the blood
◦ Coordinated with ovarian phases

44
Q

During the Menstrual phase of the uterine cycle (Days 1–5):

A

◦ Endometrium is shed from uterus
◦ Ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels, & gonadotropins are beginning to rise

45
Q

During the Proliferative (preovulatory) phase of the uterine cycle (Days 6–14):

A

◦ Endometrium is rebuilt: rising estrogen levels generate new functional layer of endometrium (thickens as the glands enlarge & spiral arteries increase in number)
◦ Cervical mucous thins to facilitate sperm entry into uterus
◦ Ovulation occurs at day 14

46
Q

During the Secretory (postovulatory) phase of the uterine cycle (Days 15–28):

A

◦ Endometrium prepares for implantation of an embryo
◦ Rising progesterone (from corpus luteum) acts on estrogen-primed endometrium: spiral arteries convert
functional layer to secretory mucosa (produces nutrients to sustain embryo until implantation)
◦ Cervical mucous thickens: forms cervical plug to block entry of sperm/pathogens

47
Q

End of uterine cycle if fertilization doesn’t occur:

A

◦ Corpus luteum degenerates leading to ↓progesterone: spiral arteries kink & spasm (cutting off oxygen & nutrients); functional
endometrium dies and sloughs off
◦ ~2/3 of endometrium is reabsorbed, rest is shed in menstruation

48
Q

During puberty, rising estrogen levels promote:

A

◦ Oogenesis & follicle growth in ovary
◦ Growth & function of female reproductive tract
◦ Growth spurts in puberty

49
Q

Estrogen-induced secondary sex characteristics:

A

◦ Breast development
◦ ↑deposition of subcutaneous fat in hips & breasts
◦ Widening & lightening of pelvis
◦ Metabolic effects: ↓blood cholesterol; facilitate bone Ca2+ uptake

50
Q

Function of progesterone

A

Works with estrogens to establish & regulate uterine cycle & promote changes in cervical mucous

BIO (12 decks)

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