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BIO > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Major functions of the respiratory system are

A

Supplying body with O2 and eliminating CO2

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) is

A

The movement of air into & out of the lungs

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3
Q

External respiration is

A

exchange of O2 & Intake & CO2 between lungs & blood respiratory gases (the movement of gases)

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4
Q

The respiratory system is closely linked with

A

The circulatory system

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5
Q

The major organs of the upper respiratory tract are

A

Nose, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

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6
Q

Marjor organs of the lower respiratory tract are

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs and alveoli

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7
Q

Functions of the nose and paranasal sinuses

A

airway for respiration; moistens, warms, filters, and cleans incoming air; resonance chamber for speech; location of olfactory receptors

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8
Q

Contains the nostrils

A

External nose

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9
Q

Divided by the nasal septum and ends at the posterior nasal aperture

A

Nasal cavity

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10
Q

Part of nose and paranasal sinuses: contains sebaceous sweat glands and hairs to help with filtering

A

Nasal vestibule (anterior nasal cavity)

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11
Q

Part of nose and paranasal sinuses: contains 2 types of mucous membranes: olfactory mucosa (olfactory receptors) and respiratory mucosa (goblet cells)

A

Posterior nasal cavity

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12
Q

Part of nose and paranasal sinuses: contains mucosal surface area to filter, heat and moisten air

A

Nasal conchae

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13
Q

Part of nose and paranasal sinuses: surround nasal cavity; lighten skull, warm and moisten air, produce mucous

A

Paranasal sinuses

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14
Q

Air passageway; contains pharyngeal tonsil to trap and destroy pathogens; opens to auditory tube to equalize pressure in ear

A

Nasopharynx

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15
Q

Air and food passageway; extends from soft palate to epiglottis

A

Oropharynx

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16
Q

Air and food passageway; directly posterior to epiglottis; continuous wit esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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17
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

Open airway, routes food and air into proper passageways, produces sound via vocal folds/cords

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18
Q

Elastic cartilage of the larynx that closes during swallowing

A

Epiglottis (+ 8 hyaline cartilages)

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19
Q

Vibrate as air passes over to produce sound

A

Vocal cords

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20
Q

Vocal folds and the medial space between them

A

Glottis

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21
Q

Voice is produced via

A

Intermittent release of expired air and opening/closing of glottis

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22
Q

Pitch varies with

A

Length and tension of vocal folds

23
Q

Higher tension means

A

Higher pitch

24
Q

Loudness is determined by

A

Force of air

25
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Glottis closes to prevent exhalation and abdominal muscles contract, causing intrabdominal pressure to rise

26
Q

Trachea wall consists of

A

Mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

27
Q

Epithelium of trachea wall is

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar to propel mucus upwards to pharynx

28
Q

Trachea is composed of which cartilage

A

Hyaline: supports and allows the esophagus to expand during swallowing

29
Q

Function of the trachealis

A

Smooth muscle that compresses the trachea to help force air out of lungs

30
Q

Conducting zone

A

Air transport pathways with no gas exchange

31
Q

Primary bronchi enter

A

Each lung

32
Q

Secondary bronchi enter

A

Each lobe of the lungs

33
Q

Tertiary bronchi enter

A

Segments of the lobes of each lung

34
Q

Final subdivision of bronchi

A

Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

35
Q

Structural changes as the airway becomes smaller are

A
  • Decrease in supportive cartilage until absence in bronchioles
  • change in mucosal epithelium from pseudostratified columnar to simple columnar to simple cuboidal
  • increase in smooth muscle to alter resistance to airflow in bronchioles
36
Q

Respiratory zone is where

A

Gas exchange occurs

37
Q

Order of branches of the respiratory zone

A

terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveolar sacs that consist of alveoli

38
Q

Alveolar cell that is a single layer of squamous epithelium and forms part of respiratory membrane

A

Type I alveolar cell

39
Q

Alveolar cell that is cuboidal and interspersed among type I cells; secretes surfactant to reduce surface tension in lungs

A

Type II alveolar cell

40
Q

Alveolar cell that phagocytoses any foreign particles that get in

A

Alveolar macrophages

41
Q

Alveolar cell that allows airflow between adjacent alveoli get rid of debris in alveoli

A

Alveolar pores

42
Q

Respiratory membrane is formed by

A

Capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium

43
Q

Alveoli are covered in dense web of

A

Pulmonary capillaries

44
Q

Respiratory membrane is the site of

A

Gas exchange

45
Q

Number of lobes in left lung

A

2 lobes (smaller for room for heart)

46
Q

Number of lobes in right lung

A

3 lobes

47
Q

Lung tissue is mostly air space with stroma “tissue” composed of

A

Elastic connective tissue

48
Q

Pulmonary circulation carries

A

deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated & brings oxygenated blood back to the heart

49
Q

Bronchial circulation provides

A

oxygenated blood to the lung tissue (originating from aorta)

50
Q

Bronchoconstriction is induced by the

A

Parasympathetic system

51
Q

Bronchodilation is induced by the

A

Sympathetic system

52
Q

Visceral sensory fibres provide

A

Information about the lungs to the brain

53
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers the external lung surface

54
Q

Parietal pleura

A

covers the thoracic wall, diaphragm & around heart between the lungs

BIO (12 decks)

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