REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards by Enn Cee

What is the age of a neonate?

First month after birth

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What is the age of an infant?

First year after birth

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Details of the organs of the fetus are established when?

2nd-3rd month

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When the organs of the fetus will be the same as that of neonate?

4th month

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When cellular development takes place in fetal development?

5th month

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Fetal development starts when?

First month

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The heart begins to beat at fourth week after fertilization. What is the HR?

65 beats/min

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At 3rd month onwards of fetal development, what will be the principal source of RBC and most of the WBC?

Bone marrow

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At 6th week of fetal development, what will begin to form blood cells?

Liver

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At 3rd month of fetal development, what organs will begin to form blood cells?

Spleen and other lymphoid tissues of the body

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What system cannot occur during fetal life, it is inhibited to prevent fluid and debris to fill in?

Respiratory system. There is no air to breathe in the amniotic fluid. Inhibition of this system prevents filling of fluid and debris (meconium) into the lungs.

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Stool of fetus excreted into amniotic fluid?

Meconium. It is a residue form swallowed amniotic fluid and mucus, epithelial cells and other residues of excretory products from the GI mucosa and glands.

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Impairment of this organ leads to oligohydramnios?

During 4-6 months of pregnancy, fetal kidneys begin to excrete fetal urine which is 70-80% of amniotic fluid. Impairment of fetal kidneys lead to reduced fetal urine > reduced amniotic fluid > oligohydramnios

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Reflexes of fetus are present when?

3rd to 4th month

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It is a switch from intrauterine to extrauterine. It requires higher metabolic needs (anabolism. It is a period of rapid growth and development. The systems are immature at this period.

Neonatal physiology

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Normally, how many minutes will the neonate start to breathe?

a. ) Within one hour
b. ) Within 30 seconds
c. ) Within one minute
d. ) Within one second

C.) Within one minute. Loss of placental support so respiratory system starts to function. Neonate starts to breathe. Begins to breathe within seconds. Normal RR within 1 min after birth. Breathing is initiated by sudden exposure to outside world.

When the newborn progressively becomes hypoxic, hypercapnic, and acidotic, these provide stimulus to respiratory center and usually causes breathing within an additional minute after birth.

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What would be the consequence to the neonate for giving excessive anesthesia to the mother during delivery?

a. ) Increased heart rate
b. ) Delayed urinary function
c. ) Meconium is increased
d. ) Delayed onset of respiratory

d.) Delayed onset of respiratory.

Other causes:

) Umbilical cord compression,
) Premature separation of the placenta
) Excessive contraction of the uterus

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TRUE OR FALSE: The neonate can tolerate delayed breathing up to 15 minutes.

FALSE. The neonate can tolerate up to 10 minutes while adult can tolerate only 4 minutes delay of breathing. Permanent brain damage may occur after atleast 8 minutes.

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Required pressure to oppose the surface tension in the collapsed alveoli of newborn?

25mmHg of negative inspiratory pressure

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Bypasses the liver during fetal life?

a. ) Ductus venosus
b. ) Ductus arteriousus
c. ) Ductus ovale

a.) Ductus venosus. Within 1-3 hrs after birth muscle wall of ductus venosus constricts shutting off blood flow, and causes blood to flow to the liver.

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Due to production of vasodilating

prostaglandins specifically PGE2, the closure of this duct is prevented?

Ductus arteriosus

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Least role in reoxygenation during fetal life?

a. ) placenta
b. ) fetal lungs
c. ) maternal lungs
d. ) tissues of the fetus

b.) fetal lungs

- TAKE NOTE: REOXYGENATION OF FETAL BLOOD HAPPENS AT THE
PLACENTA OF THE MOTHER
55% GOES TO PLACENTA
45% GOES TO TISSUES OF THE FETUS
12% GOES TO FETAL LUNGS BEFORE BIRTH

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Blood glucose concentration during first day of neonate after birth?

30 to 40 mg/dl of plasma (less than half the normal value)

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Things that will happen least during first few days of neonate after birth?

a. ) Physiologic weight loss
b. )Blood glucose concentration frequently falls the first day
c. ) Has no sufficient fats and protein stores during first 3 days

c.) has no sufficient fats and protein stores during first 3 days

Neonatal Nutrition:
Blood glucose concentration frequently falls the first day =
30 to 40 mg/dl of plasma (less than half the normal value)
• Has stored fats and proteins for metabolism until mother’s
milk can be provided 2 to 3 days later
• Special problems: adequate fluid supply to the neonate
because the infant’s rate of body fluid turnover averages
seven times that of an adult, and the mother’s milk supply
requires several days to develop.
• Physiologic weight loss = decrease of 5 -10 % (as much as
20%) within the first 2 to 3 days of life due to fluid loss
• After birth liver and muscle glycogen is sufficient only for a
few hours

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Macrosomal babies common cause?

Macrosomal babies (large babies) born to Type II DM mothers ▪ The high levels of insulin are believed to stimulate fetal growth and contribute to increased birth weight ▪ Increased supply of glucose and other nutrients to the fetus may also contribute to increased fetal growth ▪ Associated with organomegaly ▪ When blood supply is cut off, glucose levels drop, if insulin is still high, causing hypoglycemia, ▪ Neonates can be at risk for respiratory distress syndrome o In the mother with uncontrolled type I diabetes (caused by lack of insulin secretion), fetal growth may be stunted because of metabolic deficits in the mother and growth and tissue maturation of the neonate are often impaired.

Placenta and colostrum can protect the infant for how many months?

Passive Immunity from the mother (through the placenta and colostrum in milk) - Can protect the infant for about 6 months against most major childhood infectious diseases, including diphtheria, measles, and polio - Decrease of antibodies to less than half at age 1 month - Gradual return of gamma globulin concentration to normal by the age of 12 to 20 months

Start of complimentary feeding for | the neonate?

Note: 6th month is the start of complimentary feeding for the neonate before then, it is advised that neonates be given only breast milk

Required for proper formation of cartilage, | bone, and other intercellular structures of the infant?

Vitamin C

If the mother had anemia, severe anemia is likely to occur in the infant after about 3 months. What shall you do?

Necessity for Iron in the Diet o May have stored enough iron to keep forming blood cells for 4 to 6 months after birth o If the mother had anemia, severe anemia is likely to occur in the infant after about 3 months of life o May feed infant with egg yolk or give iron supplement by the second or third month of life

Humans have how many pairs of chromosomes?

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes o 22 pairs of autosomes o 1 pair of sex chromosomes Male: XY Female: XX

gametes or sex cells contain how many sets of chromosomes?

Haploid (n) contain one complete set of chromosomes

Also called Equational Division?

Equational Division because it brings back or restore the amount of DNA in a cell, from double stranded DNA it ensures that it will form a single strand of DNA only. At the end of meiosis you’ll have four non-identical haploid daughter cells.

TRUE OR FALSE. During 6th month of pregnancy, diploid state of organism is restored and genetic sex determination occurs.

Sex Determination - process of genetic inheritance that sets the gender of an individual at the moment of fertilization. Remember that at fertilization, there are 2 important genetic events that occur. It is when the male and female nuclei unites: 1.) Diploid state of organism is restored and 2.) Genetic sex of organism can now be identified. (Male: XY Female:XX)

development of differences between males and females | from an undifferentiated zygote?

Sex Differentiation

GnRH is produced in the

Arcuate nuclei

In hair root test, presence of fluorescent body means? a. ) the patient is male b. ) the patient is female c. ) the patient is pregnant d. ) the patient is hungry

A. The patient is male. A fluorescent body is Y chromosome.

What secretes Mullerian Inhibiting Factor (MIF)?

Sertoli cells

What secretes testosterone?

Leydig cells

Largest somatic chromosome?

Chromosome 1

Smallest somatic chromosome?

Chromosome 22

Cells in meiosis II are? a. ) haploid b. ) diploid c. ) mongoloid

A.) Haploid. After meiosis II, four daughter cells (haploid) are produced.

Milk producing hormone

Prolactin

Presence or absence of SRY gene?

Gonadal sex

A XX fetus was injected with testosterone. She will be, a. ) genetically male, phenotypically male b. ) genetically female, phenotypically male c. ) genitically female, phenotypically female

Stage of oocyte when the sperm invites the follicle?

Secondary

Opposite of telophase?

Prophase

Which comes from wolffian duct? a. oviduct b. clitoris c. scrotum d. vas deferens

During pregnancy, fetal blood is ______ , maternal blood is ___________.

Alkaline, acidic

What encodes for SRY protein?

Chromosome Y

Lyon hypothesis states that

One of the 2X chromosomes in the female will be inactivated

This organ is slightly colder to make optimum sperm activation

Scrotum

Heterogametic pattern leads to

Male baby

A patient underwent sex chromatin test, the result shows 1 X chromosome in excess. The interpretation of this is...

The patient is female. If 2 Barr bodies = super female If no barr body - male

Presence of testes, what type of sex?

Gonadal sex

Are sperm cells produces in the seminiferous tubules active and motile?

No, they are inactive and non motile

Where sperm cells are majorly stored?

Vas deferens

Action of testosterone on Wolffian duct is an example of

Local paracrine

Fetal hemoglobin causes sthe curve to shift to the \ A.) Left B.) Right

A. Left

Abundant form of estrogen found in the ovary

Estradiol

Abundant form of estrogen found in adipose tissue

Estrone

In the menstrual cycle, progesterone levels are highest during?

Secretory phase

How are nutrients from maternal blood to fetal blood transported?

Diffusion

Milky appearance of the semen?

Secretion of prostate gland

Cause of menses in menstrual cycle

Decreased progesterone and estrogen secretion by the ovary

This type of sex is influenced by behavior and cultural factor?

Psychological sex

In Klinefelter sydrome, the person is

Genetically male kasi XXY

Induces the growth of wolffian duct

Testosterone

Main producer of oxytocin

Paraventricular nuclei

What inhibits the secretion of milk

Estrogen and progesterone

Before ovulation, the oocyte is in

Meiosis I

During the first few days after fertilication, the blastocyst gets its nutrition from

Uterus (decidual cells)

Oral contraceptive pills usually contain

Synthetic estrogen and synthetic progesterone

If couple wants to get pregnant the natural way, what you will advise them?

Have sex 14 days before the secretory phase

Which structure secrets HCG

Blastocyst

Which of the ff male repro glands contains prostaglandin

Seminal vesicles

Erection is due to

Parasymphatetic stimulation

Sensitivity to CO2 is characterized by what hormone?

Progesterone

During ovulation, a(n) ______________is released from the ovary?

Secondary oocyte

Hormone helps expulsion of fetus

Progesterone

Lubrication during coitus is primarily from

Bartholins gland

Hormone for uterine contraction

Oxytocin

Conversion of spermatids to sperm cell is aided by what hormone

FSH

Wash away sperm thru the urethra

Seminal vesicle

The following will increase cardiac output except a. ) on 28th week (entering third trimester) b. ) immediately after labor c. ) during labor d. ) during 1st week of puerperium e. ) none of the above

Which of the following will not change during pregnancy? a. ) systolic blood pressure b. ) lung compliance c. ) Tital Volume d. ) Gastric emptying

A and B

One of the key hormones that | prevents excitation during parturition

Progesterone

Which of the following are responsible for stimulation phase (labor) of parturition? a. ) oxytocin b. ) prostaglandin c. ) serotonin d. ) histamine e. ) all of the above

Labor is prolonged with the absence of this hormone

Oxytocin

``` Which is NOT action of Oxytocin? a.) for contraction of vas deferens during ejaculation b.) milk and uterine contraction c.) inhibition of milk production ```

SRY codes for production of _________ which directs differentation of gonads into testis?

Testis-determining factor

Most accurate method of determining genetic sex?`

Karyotyping

A patient underwent buccal smear test, result shows 2% positive. What does this mean?

The patient is genetically male. Female - 20% positive male - 0-4% positive (4% error)

It becomes ovary in female, and regresses in male

Embryonic cortex

It enlarges to become testis in male, regresses become hilum of ovary in female

Embryonic medulla

In males, this differentiate into vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles

Wolffian duct

In female, this differentiate into uterus, cervix, fallopian tube and upper vagina

Mullerian duct

This differentiate into glans penis and corpus spongiosus in males and clitoris and vestibular bulb in females

Genital tubercle

Genital folds will become

Labia minor in female, penis shaft in male

Genital swelling become

Labia majora in female, scrotum and prepuce in male

This differentiate into male urethra, cowpers gland, prostate gland in male and female urethra, lower vagina, bartholins and skenes glands

Urogenital sinus

This is characterized by the following: -short stature (< 5 feet) -ovarian dysgenesis (streak ovary) -Streaked ovary- yung ovary niya ay parang peklat lang so you would expect a girl to have a problem in menstruation when she gets into her puberty stage.  Shield Chest with widely spaced nipples  webbed neck  coarctation of the aorta

Turner syndrome

This is characterized by the following: ```  testicular atrophy  eunuchoid body shape  tall, long extremities  gynecomastia  female hair distribution  47, XXY ```

Klinefelter Syndrome

only one X chromosome is active | o two Barr bodies are present

Superfemale

male pseudohermaphrodites | o male genotype, female phenotype

Testicular Feminization (Androgen Insensitivity)

born with both ovarian and testicular tissues

Hermaphroditism

female genotype, male phenotype

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (Adrenogenital Syndrome)

Exposure of normal female fetus to excess testosterone after differentiation is completed will result to

Enlargement of clitoris

chromosomal fail to separate therefore both go to one of the daughter cells during meiosis, the other has none

Nondisjunction

Path of sperm

MNEMONIC: SEVEN UP ``` S- eminiferous tubule E- pididymis V- as deferens E- ejaculatory duct N- (none) U- rethra P-enis ```

Duration of spermatogenesis

Duration of entire process: 64-72 days

Primary ciliary dyskinesia, defect in flagella of sperm, leads to infertility

Kartegener syndrome

Enable the sperm to penetrate the ovarian granulosa cells

Acrosome reaction. Mediated by hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes.

``` Produces a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen) - Fructose (sugar) - Vitamin C - Prostaglandins - Other substances that nourish and activate sperm ```

Seminal vesicle

The cells secrete a thin, somewhat milky fluid. It is the main source of acid phosphatase, citric acid and amylase of semen, clotting enzymes, profibrinolysin

Prostate gland

Decrease in male sexual function, hot flushes, suffocation and psychic disorder

Male climacteric

What mechanism acivates GnRH

IP3

What mechanism activates LH and FSH

cAMP

Pulsatile GnRH realse from hypothalamus -> FSH and LH secreted in pulsatile fashion -> GnRH upregulates its own receptor in the anterior pituitary

Puberty

Prolactin inhibits the action of GnRH on the anterior pituitary results to

Ovulation is suppressed

Which zone remains after menstruation?

Basal zone. The functional zone is lost

Stimulates the production of scant, viscous, slightly acidic mucus that is HOSTILE to sperm

Progesterone

Stimulates the production of a copious quantity of thin, watery, slightly alkaline mucus that is IDEAL environment for sperm

Estrogen

In vagina, this is metabolized to lactic acid to maintain acidic environment to inhibit infection by bacteria and fungi

Glycogen

The following are functions of Estrogen on non-reproductive tissues EXCEPT: a. ) required to close epiphyseal plates b. ) stimulates instetinal Ca++ absorption c. ) increase circulating levels of HDL d. promotes less CVD due to vasodilation through increased production of Nitric acid e. ) maintain healthy skin f. ) inhibits neuronal cell death g. ) increased absorption of protein h. ) decreased adipose tissue accumulation

A 27 female patient shows the following symptoms: -. Depressed mood or feeling hopelessness, marked affective lability, marked anger and anxiety and breast tenderness and bloating. What disorder is this?

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

TRUE OR FALSE. Increased body fat will increase circulating estrogen

TRUE. Increased body fat > increased androstenedione conversion to estrone > increased circulating level of estrogen

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

(126 cards)