Reproductive System - Review Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Parts of the male reproductive system
A
- testis
- system of Ducts
- glands
- penis
2
Q
producs sperm and sex hormoes
A
testis
3
Q
secrete seminal fluid
A
glands
4
Q
delivers semen
A
penis
5
Q
meiosis produces gametes in the seminiferous tubules
A
spermatogenesis
6
Q
functional unit in the testis that produces spermatozoa (haploid, 1n) from spermatogonia (diploid, 2n) during spermatogenesis
A
seminiferous tubule
7
Q
types of cells in the seminiferous tubules
A
- spermatogenic series
- nonspermatogenic series
8
Q
cells in spermatogenic series
A
- spermatogonia
- spermatocytes
- spermatids
- spermatozoa
9
Q
- primordial male germ cells that are the precursors of spermatozoa
- diploid, 2n
A
Spermatogonia
10
Q
- cells in the testis that produce sperm cells
- are created from spermatogonial stem cells and undergo meiosis to produce haploid spermatids, which eventually become sperm
A
Spermatocytes
11
Q
product of the second meiotic division that undergoes a complex process of morphological and functional changes known as spermiogenesis, transforming from a round cell with a central nucleus to a specialized sperm cell.
A
spermatid
12
Q
male sex cells that carry genetic material
A
Spermatozoa (sperm)
13
Q
cells in nonspermatogenic series
A
- Sertoli C.
- Leydig cells
14
Q
secrete inhibin
A
Sertoli C.
15
Q
cells in the testes that produce testosterone and other androgens
A
Leydig cells
16
Q
Structure of the Sperm
A
- head
- middle piece
- tail or flagella
17
Q
contains the half of the genome and acrosome containing the enzymes
A
head
18
Q
- vesicle in the sperm head that contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate an egg
- cap-like structure that sits over the sperm nucleus.
A
acrosome
19
Q
contain the mitochondria which provide the ATP for its journey to the egg
A
middle piece
20
Q
for locomotion
A
tail or flagella
21
Q
human sperm cell size
A
50-70 μm
22
Q
human sperm cell shape
A
ovoid
23
Q
human sperm cell number
A
200 M
24
Q
external parts of female reproductive system
A
- clitoris
- labia minora and majora
25
- most sensitive part of your vulva
- capable of producing the most intense and most pleasurable sexual responses in your body
clitoris
26
fleshy outer lips of the vulva are known as the
labia majora
27
The inner lips, which usually lead the way to the vaginal opening
labia minora
28
internal parts of the female reproductive system
1. ovary
2. system of ducts
3. uterus
29
produces egg cells and hormones
ovary
30
- development of a mature egg
- a prolonged process
oogenesis
31
where do immature eggs form
female embryo
32
lots of connective tissue, blood vessels in center of ovary
ovarian medulla
33
has numerous, small, microlecithal oocytes
ovarian cortex
34
- same number of chromosomes (diploid or haploid)
- 2 daughter cells
- cells are identical genetically
mitosis
35
- half the number of chromosomes (haploid)
- 4 daughter cells
- cells are not identical genetically
meiosis
36
- production of offspring by a single parent
- offspring inherit DNA from only one parent
- require less energy
asexual reproduction
37
formation of sex cells or gametes from germ cells
gametogenesis
38
end product of gametogenesis
haploid cells
39
gametogenesis in males
spermatogenesis
40
gametogenesis in females
oogenesis
41
no of gametes produced per 1^0 cyte in spermatogenesis
4
42
no of gametes produced per 1^0 cyte in oogenesis
1
43
availability of 1^0 cyte in spermatogenesis
1^0 spermatocytes are produced throughout the male's reproductive years
44
availability of 1^0 cyte in oogenesis
number of 1^0 oocytes is fixed at birth
45
is there interruption in spermatogenesis?
uninterrupted
46
is there interruption in oogenesis
not completed without stimulation from a sperm
47
differentiation of the spermatid into a sperm
spermiogenesis
48
- produces a clear, viscous secretion known as pre-ejaculate that helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter.
- It is possible for this fluid to pick up sperm in the urethral bulb from previous ejaculations, and carry them out prior to the next ejaculation.
Bulbourethral gland / Cowper's gland
49
helps lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through, neutralizing traces of acidic urine in the urethra, and helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter
pre-ejaculate
50
- store and secrete a slightly alkaline fluid, milky or white in appearance, that usually constitutes 20–30% of the volume of the semen along with spermatozoa and seminal vesicle fluid
- The alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm
prostate gland
51
what does the alkalinity of semen help neutralize
acidity of vaginal tract, prolonging sperm lifespan
52
hormonal control of the testes
1. hypothalamus
2. anterior pituitary
3. testis
53
release releasing hormone
hypothalamus
54
- receives releasing hormone
- secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
anterior pituitary
55
what does the anterior pituitary of males secrete
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
56
what does the testis produce
1. androgen
2. sperm
57
secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina and are homologous to bulbourethral glands in males
Bartholin's gland
58
- stage after fertilization in humans where a blastocyst develops from a fertilized zygote
- egg moves along oviduct to uterus
implantation
59
when does the blastocyst attach to uterine wall
6th day after fertilization
60
uterine wall
endometrium
61
Human embryonic and fetal development
1. human gestation time
2. embryonic development
3. fetal development
62
human gestation time
- from conception to birth
- approx. 9 mon.
63
embryonic develop
1-2 months
64
fetal development
3-9 months
65
blocks certain stages of reproduction
contraceptives
66
what are the following stages of reproduction that contraceptives can block
1. release and transport of gametes
2. fertilization
3. implantation
67
types of contraceptives
1. ovulation-suppressing methods
2. barrier methods (physical and chemical)
3. surgical methods
4. implantation-suppressing methods
5. others
68
ovulation-suppressing methods
1. oral contraceptives
2. time-release capsules
69
usually contin a combination of hormones that prevent release of FSH and LH, inhibiting development of the follicle so that no oocytes are released
oral contraceptives
70
can be implanted under the skin of the upper arm and offer long-term suppression of ovulation
time-release capsules (eg. Norplant)
71
Barrier methods (physical)
1. condoms
2. diaphragm
3. cervical cup
72
- fitted over the erect penis or
- placed inside the vagina
condoms
73
cap the cervix and block the passage of the sperm into the uterus
- diaphragm (shallow)
- cervical cup (deeper in shape)
74
barrier methods (chemical)
spermicidal jelly or foam
75
kill sperm on contact and must be placed in the vagina prior to intercourse
spermicidal jelly or foam
76
surgical methods
1. vasectomy (men)
2. tubal ligation (women)
77
the vas deferens connecting the testes with the urethra is cut and sealed to prevent the transport of sperm
vasectomy
78
oviduct is cut and ends tied off to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus
tubal ligation
79
implantation-suppressing methods
1. morning-after pill
2. intra-uterine device (IUD)
80
morning-after pill types
1. RU-486
2. Plan B
81
- interferes with the implantation of the fertilized egg into the uterine wall
- blocks the action of progesterone, which leads to the non-synthesis of the proteins necessary to begin and maintain pregnancy
RU-486
82
contains progestin that blocks ovulation, fertilization, and implantation
Plan B
83
physically blocks the fertilized egg from implanting
intra-uterine device (IUD)
84
other methods
1. coitus interruptus
2. abortion
85
- deliberate removal of the fetus or embryo before it is ready for birth
- done mechanically or chemically
abortion
85
- requires the man to withdraw his penis from the vagina before ejaculation
- very unreliable
coitus interruptus
86
suction for less than 3 months and surgery for older
mechanical abortion
87
RU-486 and prostaglandins to expel the embryo and the endometrial discharge
chemical abortion
