Reproductive systems

Question 1

Where do the following occur?

1) ovulation and oogenesis (egg creation)
2) fertilization
3) implantation
4) parturition

Answer 1

1) ovaries
2) oviduct (Fallopian tube)
3) endometrium (in uterus)
4) vagina (birth canal)

Question 2

• which part of sperm contains hydrolytic enzymes?

- what is the purpose of these enzymes?

Answer 2

• acrosome

- sperm penetrates the egg by the means of these enzymes

Question 3

mature sperm contain mitochondria in the…

Answer 3

mid piece

Question 4

Pathway of sperm out of the body

Answer 4

seminiferous tubules —> vas deferns —> prostate —> urethra

Question 5

pathway of a sperm on its way to fertilize an egg

1) urethra
2) epididymis
3) vagina
4) oviduct
5) ductus vas deferens

Answer 5

25134

epididymis - ductus vas deferens - urethra - vagina - oviduct

Question 6

• name the male gland that produces semen

- removal of this gland would effect…

Answer 6

• prostate

- motility of sperm

Question 7

• list 3 functions of seminal fluid

- semen definition

Answer 7

1) provides a suitable pH
2) supplies and energy source
3) causes the uterus to contract

• protective fluid supplies energy for sperm cells

Question 8

what’s the function of epididymis

Answer 8

• store sperm cells and eliminate those that have major genetic defects
• also where sperm cells mature

Question 9

a function of the interstitial cells of the testes is the …

Answer 9

production of testosterone

Question 10

where does storage and maturation of sperm cells occur?

Answer 10

epididymis

Question 11

the duct that’s used by both the reproductive and excretory systems in males is the…

Answer 11

urethra

Question 12

2 examples of positive feedback loops caused by oxytocin

Answer 12

1) parturition- oxytocin causes baby’s head to push on the cervix, which sends nervous signals to brain to release more oxytocin
* needs estrogen: opens up oxytocin receptors on uterus.
2) lactation- increase of suckling/ crying = increase of oxytocin= increase of milk = more suckling

Question 13

which hormone makes milk, and which releases it

Answer 13

• prolactin = make milk

- oxytocin= release milk

Question 14

what is the effect of the hormone relaxin (which is a prostaglandin)

Answer 14

causes pelvis to open up

parturition

Question 15

3 stages of parturition

Answer 15

1) dilation stage (cervix dilates)
2) expulsion stage (baby comes out)
3) placental stage (placenta needs to come out)

Question 16

what breaks when your “water breaks” and in which stage of parturition does this occur?

Answer 16

• amnionic sac

- at the end of dilation stage

Question 17

function of fimbria

Answer 17

creates waves to push egg from ovary to fallopian tube

Question 18

oviduct (fallopian tube) function

Answer 18

passageway for ovum to move from ovary to uterus (site of ovulation)

Question 19

2 functions of the uterus

Answer 19

1) myometrium pushes baby out of birth canal

2) endometrium lining feeds fetus, or is shed if there is no fertilized egg (menstruation)

Question 20

cervix function

Answer 20

made up of muscles: allow flow of menstrual blood from uterus to vagina

Question 21

menstruation is caused by (high/low) levels of progesterone and estrogen at the end of the monthly cycle

Answer 21

low

“hormonal withdraw”

Question 22

when the level of estrogen (increases/ decreases) in the blood, FSH production from the pituitary gland increases and the cycle begins again

Answer 22

decreases

Question 23

4-6 days after fertilization, the zygote divides (mitosis) repeatedly (cleavage) to form a _____ (__ cells)

Answer 23

morula (16 cells)

Question 24

• morula divides, forming a ______

Answer 24

blastocyst

Question 25

implantation: _____ attaches to wall of uterus (_____)

Answer 25

blastocyst | endometrium

Question 26

3 major layers of blastocyst

Answer 26

1) chorion: outer layer- produces HCG - forms from trophoblast - forms placenta 2) amnion: inner layer that develops into a fluid filled sac (insulates embryo- protect from infection, dehydration, impact, temp change) 3) allantois: later develops into umbilical cord

Question 27

yolk sac

Answer 27

initial food for embryo before umbilical cord sets up (vestigal) ]

Question 28

placenta is formed by the fused cells of the ____ and the ______ -placenta produces hormones ___ and ___ in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters

Answer 28

fetus and endometrium - progesterone and estrogen

Question 29

embryonic disk inside embryo ( gastrula) forms morphogenesis. What are the 3 germ layers? Give examples of what they include

Answer 29

1) ectoderm (outer): skin, nervous system, pituitary gland, eyes 2) mesoderm (middle): muscles, bones, inner skin, blood &lymph vessels, heart, kidney, spleen.... 3) endoderm (inner): digestive tract, bladder, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, thymus, thyroid gland, lungs...

Question 30

process of neurulation | -which acid is essential for neural tube development

Answer 30

- from ectoderm: tissues fold over--> form neural tube --> brain and spinal cord. organ formation occurs - folic acid

Question 31

gastrulation process

Answer 31

from endoderm: formation of gastric (digestive) tubing and the rest of the body

Question 32

sperm are filled with _____ : limited energy reserve | - semen nourishes sperm and keeps them alive longer

Answer 32

mitochondria

Question 33

explain what happens @ ejaculatory duct

Answer 33

sperm mixes with ejactulatory fluid (from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, & cowper's glands)

Question 34

sperm route

Answer 34

epididymis vas deferens ejaculatory duct urethra

Question 35

semen acronym

Answer 35

``` SPCA S eminal vesicles- produce sugar P rostate gland- increase pH (buffer) C owper's gland: mucus urethr A ```

Question 36

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 36

when fertilized embryos embed in a layer of underdeveloped oviduct -can lead to death of mother and fetus

Question 37

granulosa cells

Answer 37

type of follicular cell ( in ovary) which produces inhibin (inhibits FSH production- egg production)

Question 38

acronyms for male and female hormone (-) feedback

Answer 38

male: FiLT female: FeLP