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Research and Design Flashcards

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1
Q

Data

What are the 2 types of data ?

A

Qualitative
Quantitative

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2
Q

Data

What is Qualitative data?

A

Opinions and experiences

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3
Q

Data

What is Quantitative data?

A

Number based data

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4
Q

Data

What is an aim?

A

Statement of purpose

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5
Q

Data

What is a Hypothesis?
(and the 2 types of hypothesis)

A

a prediction using both iv and dv (null and experimental)

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6
Q

Data

What is an experimental hypothesis?

A

It predicts difference

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7
Q

Data

What is a Null hypothesis?

A

It predicts no difference so can be disproved and operationalised

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8
Q

Data

What is operationalising?

A

makes something measurable

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9
Q

Data

What is a directional hypothesis

A

It is one tailed stating something will happen

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10
Q

Data

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

It is two tailed and states that something will happen but not definite as to what

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11
Q

Variables

What is an independent variable?

A

The manipulated variable

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12
Q

Variables

What is a dependant variable?

A

The measured variable (depends on independent variable)

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13
Q

Variables

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Other factors that may influence results

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14
Q

Variables

What is a situational variable?

A

Variables connected with the research situation

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15
Q

Variables

What are participant variables?

A

Any characteristics of individual participants. Some may perform better in one condition due to characteristics.

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16
Q

Variables

What are demand characteristics?

A

When participants try to make sense of the research they begin to act accordingly which makes results invalid

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17
Q

Variables

What are investigator effects?

A

Results from effect of researchers behaviour and characteristics of investigator.

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18
Q

Variables

What are expectation effects?

A

Can occur when a researcher is deeply committed to a certain outcome so results become biased

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19
Q

Variables

What is randomisation?

A

refers to use of chance to reduce researchers influence

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20
Q

Variables

How do you deal with demand characteristics?

A

Single blind procedure
Double blind procedure

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21
Q

Variables

What is a single blind procedure?

A

Where participants do not know the hypothesis or which conditions they are in. Minimalised demand characteristics.

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22
Q

Variables

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

Where neither investigator or participants know hypothesis or conditions.

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23
Q

Sampling

What are the types of sampling?

A

Random
Systematic
Stratified
Opportunity
Volunteer sampling
Snowball sampling

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24
Q

Sampling

What is population validity?

A

depends on the choice of population and on the extent to which the study sample mirrors that population.

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25
# Sampling What is random sampling?
Everyone has equal chances of being selected. High population validity
26
# Sampling What is systematic sampling?
Sampling by every nth person
27
# Sampling What is stratified sampling?
Its proportional to the population
28
# Sampling What is opportunistic sampling?
Choosing participants from those who are available
29
# Sampling What is volunteer sampling?
Self-selected sampling
30
# Sampling What is snowball sampling?
When one volunteer recommends another
31
# Design What is experimental design?
Refers to how you organise participants within the conditions.
32
# Design What are independent measures?
-Recruit a group of participants divide into 2 -one group does one iv condition and other does the second iv -measure dv for each and compare
33
# Design What are repeated measures?
One group does both iv conditions and then compare the differences
34
# Ethics What is the ethical code of conduct?
A set of principles for professionals
35
# Ethics Who are the Research ethics committee? | (REC)
A group who approve a study before it begins
36
# Ethics What is informed consent?
A participant must know the aims and expectations before consenting
37
# Ethics What is gate keeper consent?
If a participant cant understand (age or capacity) a trusted adult must consent on behalf.
38
# Ethics What is right to withdraw?
Participants can withdraw at any time and must be informed
39
# Ethics What is protection from harm?
Psychologists responsible for protetcing physical and mental states of participants.
40
# Ethics What is deception?
Information must not be withheld from participants
41
# Ethics What is consent in obeservational research?
participants privacy must be protected in observational research and must give consent to be observed if the research is in an unnatural setting
42
# Ethics What is debreifing?
After investingation participants must be fully debreifed about nature of research
43
# Ethics What is confidentiality?
A right for personal information to be kept private
44
# Ethics What is data protection?
Info collected is owned by participant. Names shouldnt be recorded (anonymity) and data should be stored securely
45
# Ethics - animal rights Why are animals used in research?
Law requires for new drugs to be tested on 2 mammals before humans
46
# Ethics - animal rights What are the 3 Rs for animal rights?
Replacement Reduction Refinement
47
# Ethics - animal rights What is replacement?
Animals should be replaced with suitable alternatives
48
# Ethics - animal rights What is reduction?
Reduce amount of animals used to a minimum
49
# Ethics - animal rights What is refinement?
Methods used must be refined to reduce pain or suffering
50
# Ethics What does socially sensitive mean?
Anything that could have negative implications for a group
51
# Experiments What are the strengths of lab experiments?
- easy to replicate - more accurate data - data is more objective (factful)
52
# Experiments What are the weaknesses of lab experiments?
- artificial environments - produce demand characteristics - high chance of investigator effects
53
# Experiments What are the strengths of field experiments?
- can conclude cause and effect - higher ecological validity - reduced demand characteristics
54
# Experiments What are the weaknesses of field experiments?
- less control over extraneous variables - more time consuming
55
# Experiments What experiments cant manipulate i.v?
Natural Quasi
56
# Experiments What is a natural experiment?
When the iv occurs naturally
57
# Experiments What is a Quasi experiment?
Based on existing differences eg. gender and race
58
# Experiments What are the strengths of natural/quasi experiments?
-access to study ivs that are impossible to manipulate ethically -high ecological validity
59
# Experiments What are the weaknesses of natural/quasi experiments?
- problems with internal validity - no random allocation of conditions
60
# Reliability and validity What is validity?
Does the study measure what it says ?
61
# Reliability and validity What is reliablitity?
Whether we can get the same results repeatedly
62
# Reliability and validity What is internal validity?
If the outcome is the result of manipulated variables
63
# Reliability and validity What is external validity?
How well we can genralise findings
64
# Reliability and validity What is internal reliablility?
consistency within a test
65
# Reliability and validity What is external reliability?
The ability to produce same reults
66
# Reliability and validity What is ecological validity?
how we can generalise results based on setting
67
# Reliability and validity What is face validity?
A simple judgement to see if a test is valid
68
# Reliability and validity What is concurrent validity?
If there are similarities to other measures
69
# Reliability and validity What is predictive validity?
How well a test predicts performance
70
# Reliability and validity What is temporal validity?
An old study that may lack validity
71
# Reliability and validity

Psychology (5 decks)

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