research and health

Question 1

what is qualitative research

Answer 1

collection and analysis of non-numerical information - pop behaviours and attitudes - why people act the way they do

Question 2

what are examples of methods used in qualitative research

Answer 2

interview, focus groups, diaries

content analysis, framework, protocol, thematic

Question 3

what are patient access schemes

Answer 3

mechanism to share cost of new drug between NHS and the company

Question 4

what is NICE

Answer 4

national institute for health and care excellence - national guidance for health and social care

Question 5

what is the aim of nice

Answer 5

national point of reference for advice on safety and effective health and social care

Question 6

what are quality standards by nice

Answer 6

sentinel markers of concise measurable statements designed to drive quality improvements across a pathway of care

Question 7

what is colloquial vs scientific evidence

Answer 7

c - testimony or general feedback to support scientific evidence
s - explicit, systematic and replicable

Question 8

what is the biggest challenge to implementing guidance

Answer 8

gaining consensus with colleges

Question 9

what is the inverse care law

Answer 9

least access to healthcare for individuals who need it most

Question 10

what is inclusion health

Answer 10

GP surgeries, late night clinics, street medicine

Question 11

what are the 4 lifestyle behaviours associated with disease burden

Answer 11

alcohol, smoking, diet, exercise

Question 12

which age groups drink the most, binge drink, frequent drink

Answer 12

45-64 most
65+ frequent
16-24 binge

Question 13

how does employment affect alcohol consumption

Answer 13

those who work drink more

Question 14

how does employment affect smoking

Answer 14

those who are unemployed are more likely to smoke

Question 15

what is an obesogenic environment

Answer 15

environment that encourages development of obesity

Question 16

describe the changes in the ladder of intervention

Answer 16

increasingly involved intervention as you go up and more likely to stop behaviour

Question 17

how do we tackle multiple behaviours in specific groups rather than the population as a whole

Answer 17

wellness services - bring smoking weight loss services
every contact counts - everyone in NHS promotes good health
exploiting the potential of lay and peer support

Question 18

what is the 3rd H of public heath

Answer 18

comorbidity and integrated care (improving health services)

Question 19

what is comorbidities and multimorbidities

Answer 19

presence of one or more additional disorders co-ocurring with a primary disease

two or more medical conditions existing simultaneously regardless of the relationship

Question 20

what is poly pharmacy

Answer 20

dealing with patients on multiple medications - reducing medication error

Question 21

what is focus

Answer 21

primary and secondary preventions

care is co-ordinated through integrated and social care teams

Question 22

what are the summary points of the health and social care act of 2012

Answer 22

local authorities responsible for that populations health

Question 23

what is the course of crime to probation

Answer 23

crime - police - courts - prison - probation

Question 24

what influences the well being of an offender

Answer 24

housing, money, addiction, metal health, education and employment

Question 25

what are the main obesity services currently

Answer 25

6-12 month weight loss service | bariatric surgery or less intensive service

Question 26

what is the commissioning cycle of obesity services

Answer 26

``` service design bidding for services performance data evidence of need patent advice and expert advice identifying gaps ```

Question 27

what is health economics

Answer 27

how goods and services are produced, distributed ad consumed

Question 28

what is an integrated care system

Answer 28

framework that all trusts should be working as - involving everyone necessary for care

Question 29

what are the shared issue and challenges of public heath in emergency services

Answer 29

mental health, drug and alcohol use, domestic violence, isolation, children

Question 30

what is ACE in emergency public health

Answer 30

adverse childhood experience | those with 4+ experiences more likely to suffer worse outcomes in life

Question 31

what are clinical commissioning groups (CCG)

Answer 31

clinically led statutory NHS body responsible for planning and commissioning health care services for their local area

Question 32

how to health needs vary across populations

Answer 32

health profiles for local neighbourhoods sharing knowledge through staff education sessions

Question 33

what are the three steps in public health approach in commissioning

Answer 33

population needs, wider determinants, evidence based

Question 34

when was the first public heath act and what was it

Answer 34

1848 | guarantor of standards of health and environmental quality

Question 35

what are the ferdinand mount 5 types of inequalities

Answer 35

political - equal rights to health life outcomes - equal quality of health opportunity - equal access to health treatment and responsibility - equal quality of healthcare participation - equal consideration in HC decisions

Question 36

what are the different social identities that interacts

Answer 36

biological - who we are cultural - what we do structural - where we dwell

Question 37

what is the mini coefficient

Answer 37

most common measure of inequality - varies between 0 and 1 from complete equality to complete inequality

Question 38

what are deprivation indices

Answer 38

measure the level of deprivation in an area

Question 39

how do they rank areas of deprivation in the UK

Answer 39

domain indicies such as income, health and disability, education, training, living, crime

Question 40

what are the three aims of health protection

Answer 40

preventing and controlling infectious disease reaching the adverse effects of hazards preparing for potential or emerging threats

Question 41

what threats are there to public health protection

Answer 41

radiation, chemicals, poisons, communicable diseases, behaviour, HC, environmental change, public health infrastructure

Question 42

what are the three things we need to consider in infection to public health

Answer 42

sources, route and susceptible people

Question 43

what does susceptibility to public infection depend on

Answer 43

routes o infection - direct, airborne, food, blood, vector, sexually host factors - genetic, immunity, age, nutrition organism - dose, virulence, exposure, environmental - social (poverty) physical (ventilation, overcrowding)

Question 44

what is an incubation period

Answer 44

latent period and infectious period of infection

Question 45

what is an epidemic vs pandemic

Answer 45

e - serious outbreak in a single community, population or region p - epidemic spreading around the world affecting people and country

Question 46

what are the differences between influenza a b and c

Answer 46

c - mild, stable b - occasional outbreaks, children affect and prone to mutation a - infect lot of animals - very prone to mutation

Question 47

why is influenza a so dangerous

Answer 47

haemagglutatin and neuraminidase surface antigens - causes significant illness - pandemics

Question 48

what are the 4 types of influenza

Answer 48

seasonal avain swine flu pandemic

Question 49

describe seasonal vs avian influenza

Answer 49

s - flu jab, elderly young and IC - peaks in winter, antigenic drift - mutations mean can infect immune people a - disease of birds passing to humans, 50% mortality and causes pandemic

Question 50

what is swine flu

Answer 50

disease of pigs - 2000's pandemic not effective vaccines

Question 51

how do we get pandemic influenza

Answer 51

antigenic shift - two or more different strains combine eg spanish flu, asian, swine - mass pandemic

Question 52

what are the two phases of managing pandemics

Answer 52

containment phase - identification, treatment, tracing treatment phase - treat cases only, infection control and vaccines

Question 53

how long does a vaccine take to make when managing vaccines

Answer 53

6-10 months

Question 54

describe the measles infectious disease

Answer 54

notifiable infectious disease vaccine very effective had a leeds outbreak 2017 - 2018