Research Design 2

Question 1

Case study
Natural observation
Survey

Answer 1

Descriptive research design

Question 2

Pre
True
Quasi

Answer 2

Experimental (causal) research design

Question 3

Discover ideas and insights

Answer 3

Exploratory

Question 4

• Flexible
• Versatile
• Often front end of total
research design

Answer 4

Exploratory

Question 5

Methods:
• Expert surveys
• Pilot surveys
• Secondary data
• Qualitative research

Answer 5

Exploratory

Question 6

Describe social characteristics or functions

Answer 6

Descriptive

Question 7

Methods:
• Secondary data
• Surveys
• Panels
• Observational and
other data

Answer 7

Descriptive

Question 8

• Marked by prior formulation of statistical hypothesis
• Preplanned and structured design

Answer 8

Descriptive

Question 9

Determine cause and effect relationship

Answer 9

Causal

Question 10

• Manipulation of one or more independent variable
• Control of other mediating variables

Answer 10

Causal

Question 11

Method:
• Experiments

Answer 11

Causal

Question 12

includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds

Answer 12

Descriptive research

Question 13

major purpose is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present

Answer 13

Descriptive research

Question 14

main characteristic that no control over the variables; only report what has happened or what is happening

Answer 14

Descriptive research

Question 15

to use facts or information already available, and analyse these to make a critical evaluation of the material

Answer 15

analytical research

Question 16

aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation

Answer 16

Applied research
or action

Question 17

mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory

Answer 17

Fundamental research
basic or pure

Question 18

related to some abstract idea(s) or theory

Answer 18

Conceptual research

Question 19

generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones

Answer 19

Conceptual research

Question 20

relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory

Answer 20

Empirical research

Question 21

data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment

Answer 21

Empirical research

Question 22

also termed as formulative research studies

Answer 22

Exploratory research

Question 23

main purpose is that of formulating a problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working hypotheses from an operational point of view

Answer 23

Exploratory research

Question 24

The major emphasis in such studies is on the discovery of ideas and insights

Answer 24

Exploratory research

Question 25

three methods: (a) the survey of concerning literature (b) the experience survey (c) the analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples

Answer 25

Exploratory research

Question 26

most simple and fruitful method of formulating precisely the research problem or developing hypothesis

Answer 26

survey of concerning literature

Question 27

survey of people who have had practical experience with the problem to be studied

Answer 27

Experience survey

Question 28

The object is to obtain insight into the relationships between variables and new ideas relating to the research problem

Answer 28

Experience survey

Question 29

researcher must prepare an interview schedule for the systematic questioning of informants + interview must ensure flexibility in the sense that the respondents should be allowed to raise issues and questions which the investigator has not previously considered

Answer 29

Experience survey

Question 30

a fruitful method for suggesting hypotheses for research particularly suitable in areas where there is little experience to serve as a guide

Answer 30

Analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples

Question 31

consists of the intensive study of selected instances of the phenomenon in which one is interested For this purpose the existing records, if any, may be examined, the unstructured interviewing may take place, or some other approach may be adopted

Answer 31

Analysis of ‘insight-stimulating’ examples

Question 32

studies determine the frequency with which something occurs or its association with something else

Answer 32

Diagnostic research

Question 33

researcher must be able to define clearly, what he wants to measure and must find adequate methods for measuring it along with a clear cut definition of ‘population’ he wants to study design in such studies must be rigid and not flexible

Answer 33

DESCRIPTIVE AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH STUDIES

Question 34

Flexible design (design must provide opportunity for considering different aspects of the problem)

Answer 34

Explorative/ Formulative

Question 35

Non-probability sampling design (purposive or judgement sampling)

Answer 35

Explorative/ Formulative

Question 36

Statistical design: No pre-planned design for analysis

Answer 36

Explorative/ Formulative

Question 37

Observational design: Unstructured instruments for collection of data

Answer 37

Explorative/ Formulative

Question 38

Operational design: No fixed decisions about the operational procedures

Answer 38

Explorative/ Formulative

Question 39

Rigid design (design must make enough provision for protection against bias and must maximise reliability)

Answer 39

Descriptive/ Diagnostic

Question 40

Probability sampling design (random sampling)

Answer 40

Descriptive/ Diagnostic

Question 41

Statistical design: Pre-planned design for analysis

Answer 41

Descriptive/ Diagnostic

Question 42

Observational design: Structured or well thought out data instruments for collection of data

Answer 42

Descriptive/ Diagnostic

Question 43

Operational design: Advanced decisions about operational procedures

Answer 43

Descriptive/ Diagnostic

Question 44

those where the researcher tests the hypotheses of causal relationships between variables

Answer 44

Hypothesis-testing research studies (generally known as experimental studies)

Question 45

Three principles of experimental designs

Answer 45

Principle of Replication Principle of Randomization Principle of Local Control

Question 46

experiment should be repeated more than once. Thus, each treatment is applied in many experimental units instead of one By doing so the statistical accuracy of the experiments is increased

Answer 46

Principle of Replication

Question 47

provides protection, when we conduct an experiment, against the effect of extraneous factors by randomization

Answer 47

Principle of Randomization

Question 48

plan the experiment in a manner that we can perform a two-way analysis of variance, in which the total variability of the data is divided into three components attributed to treatments, the extraneous factor and experimental errors

Answer 48

Principle of Local Control

Question 49

Informal experimental designs

Answer 49

(i) Before-and-after without control design. (ii) After-only with control design. (iii) Before-and-after with control design.

Question 50

Formal experimental designs

Answer 50

(i) Completely randomized design (C.R. Design). (ii) Randomized block design (R.B. Design). (iii) Latin square design (L.S. Design). (iv) Factorial designs