Research FINAL EXAM Flashcards

Question

Instrument reliability

Answer 1

Internal reliability: Stability within the instrument Item-total correlation: Stability among individuals Inter-rater reliability: Stability between raters Test-retest: Stability over time

Answer 2

-- Inquiry audit -- Audit trail -- Decision trail

Answer 3

-- Thick description -- Context of the data -- Deep level of detail

Answer 4

-- Reflection on the data -- Explication of themes -- Discernment of patterns that form the 'essence of the experience'

Answer 5

-- Triangulation of multiple sources of information -- Use of thick description to draw conclusions to make sure that its correct

Answer 6

● Generate categories of meaning from the ground up (why you're accepting vs. not accepting) ● Position each category in a theoretical model demonstrating relationships ● Create a story from the interconnectedness of the categories ● Add informants as the theory unfolds to illuminate and/or refute specific conclusions

Answer 7

QUANTitative research: A traditional approach to research in which variables are identified and measured in a reliable and valid way — To use measurement to determine the effectiveness of interventions. — Involves measuring objective characteristics or responses of subjects, and is reported using **numbers**

Answer 8

A naturalistic approach to research in which the focus is on understanding the meaning of an experience from the individual’s perspective

Answer 9

Is a systematic process of inquiry that uses rigorous guidelines to produce unbiased, trustworthy answers to questions about nursing practice

Answer 10

Primary: original data derived from your research endeavors — e.g. taking surveys about hospital food 2ndary: data derived/obtained from your primary data -- e.g. reviewing surveys from former patients about hospital food

Answer 11

Generalizability = QUANTitative Transferability = QUALitative

Answer 12

— National Research Act —> enacted by Congress, signed into law to protect human subjects — The Belmont Report —> deals with beneficence, justice, respect — National Institute for Nursing (NINI) —> establish national research agenda

Answer 13

A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). — use 2ndary data that have already been collected about events that have already happened -- e.g. a group of 100 people with AIDS might be asked about their lifestyle choices and medical history in order to study the origins of the disease. Retrospective = taking data from something that already happened (the data was there) -- e.g. were the patient in the last 3 months satisfied with their meals?

Answer 14

—Collecting data now to use in the future (don't know when/how/where); followed over time as characteristics/circumstances change — uses primary data to be implemented in the future -- e.g. birth cohort studies

Answer 15

— Can evaluate people of different ages, ethnicity, geographical locations, social backgrounds — Studies conducted by looking at a single phenomenon across multiple populations at a single point in time

Answer 16

**GOLD standard = experimental design/Level 1** — They provide convincing support. For the value of a treatment for EBP

Answer 17

— Reports tests of relationships and actual outcomes — Tests arguments for effectiveness — Research studies focused on the question posed — Need to report literature that _supports_ as well as literature that does not _________________ this type of literature is based on experiences or observations and displays how theories apply to individual behavior or observation. E.g. if a medication is going to reduce BP, then you hypothesize that because the medication reduces BP in will lower the risks for heart attacks. This notion is based on observation rather than theory

Answer 18

— Randomized controlled trials, clinical trials — Highly structured studies of cause and effect applied to determine the effectiveness of an intervention

Answer 19

_Primary:_ — Provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and are considered to be authoritative. — They represent original thinking, reports on discoveries or events, or they can share new information. _Secondary:_ — Secondary sources involve analysis, synthesis, interpretation, or evaluation of primary sources. — They often attempt to describe or explain primary sources. _________________ Primary: gathering data from person directly; looking for the original author -- "I did this study. These are my outcomes." Secondary: data already collected -- e.g. going through medical records to go through BPs and blood sugars -- taking information and quoting me on MY study; got it from somebody else's article

Answer 20

— To deliver a meticulous summary of al the available primary research in response to a research question — Highly structured and controlled search for available literature on a topic, Reduces bias and produces a recommendation — Identify, evaluate, summarize E.g. secondary research

Answer 21

The person writing the review did the literature review

Answer 22

targets instruments or procedures that ask > 1 question that may/may not be answered

Answer 23

The researcher has to lay out EVERYTHING in front before conducting the study (everything they’re doing, methodology, design, sample sizes, location of sample sizes, laid out) —> IRB and come back —> CANNOT change b/c jeopardize subject (even if they thought of something better that can impact the study)

Answer 24

*also known as primary researcher* The main person asking questions/performing the study — The individual who is primarily responsible for a research study. The principal investigator is responsible for all elements of the study and is the first author listed on publications or presentations — has an idea about an issue or problem

Answer 25

Deals with the outcomes of the study

Answer 26

— Controlled by researcher — Introduced into the experiment — Manipulated by the researcher — e.g. Athletes performing high intensity exercises to build lean muscle…HIIT = IV

Answer 27

Analysis of a single variable in descriptive statistics or a single dependent variable in inferential analysis — primary focus of _descriptive_ and summary statistics — may also be applied when only one group is included or involves a single DVariable — e.g. differentiating whether BP is affected more by exercise in the AM or in the PM; even though 2 groups (AM & PM) are included in the study, the analysis focuses on a single dependent variable….BP

Answer 28

Analysis of 2 variables at a time — Most common = correlation studies — Relationship-checking for correlation — e.g. determining if BP is associated w/ Na intake; 2 variables = BP + Na, are analyzed to determine any relationship b/w them

Answer 29

The simultaneous analysis of multiple variables — >2 variables; simultaneously analysis — e.g. determining if BP is different in the AM or PM, and is associated w/ Na intake, weight, and stress level

Answer 30

*also known as confounding variables* — Rival explanations for an outcome: threats to internal/external validity — Ways to deal with: eliminate, control them, own up to them (account for the threat/write-up)

Answer 31

1) Null hypothesis: one to be tested; want to test if that is correct; null is true until rejected (innocent until proven guilty) (E.g. “The mean data scientist salary in the US is $113k”) — Accept if: Null is close enough to the true mean — Reject if: Null is too far from the true mean

Answer 32

QUANTITATIVE = external validity, effectiveness — Descriptive — Survey — Correlational — Quasi-experimental — Experiment __________________________________________ QUALITATIVE = saturated data, transferability, — Ethnography = customs, culture; study of the features and interactions within a culture — Narrative = interviews ,documents over a period of time (chronology based) — Phenomenology = used to study an event/activity as it happens, from various angles; investigation of the meaning of a phenomenon among a group who have experienced it — Ground theory = construction of hypothesis and theories through collecting and analyzing data; research aimed at developing a theory of process, action, and interaction

Answer 33

A means of enhancing credibility by cross-checking information and conclusions using multiple data sources using multiple methods or researching to ensure credibility — The study, phenomenon using multiple theories/perspectives to help with data *NOTE: improve validity of QUALitative research And ensure trustworthiness*

Answer 34

Multiple data collection methods are used — e.g. interviews, observations, document review

Answer 35

Triangulation  cross-checking all the data Data source triangulation - multiple data sources are used such as e.g. interview multiple informants about a place or time to corroborate the information Investigator triangulation - more than one investigator is used to collect, analyze or interpret the data Theory triangulation - use multiple perspectives, may use different theories to examine the situation, or use variety of published literature Method triangulation - use more than one method for data collection e.g. interviews, field notes, observations

Answer 36

Use multiple perspectives, may use different theories to examine the situation, or use variety of published literature — Multiple perspectives are obtained from other researchers or published literature

Answer 37

More than one investigator is used to collect, analyze or interpret the data

Answer 38

Multiple data sources are used in a study — e.g. interview multiple informants about a place or time to corroborate the information — e.g. interviewing diverse key informants to give credence to the findings

Answer 39

Construction of hypothesis and theories through collecting and analyzing data

Answer 40

Observes cultures, customs

Answer 41

— Uses research to understand phenomenon’s universal nature by exploring views of those who have experienced it — Examining a meaning of an experience or phenomena (e.g. How did the victims of a bomb threat feel in school? “What was your first rxn of a bomb threat?”)

Answer 42

Attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among variables Attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among groups of variables that make up a study — QUANTitative research method — # data collection an statistical analysis e.g. You hypothesize a new after-school program will lead to higher grades — choose 2 similar groups of children who attend different schools —> implements new program —> not implementation

Answer 43

An in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case w/in a real-world context

Answer 44

— A researcher separates own perspectives/experiences/assumptions from what is being observed in the study (the participants information), to reduce bias — A method of limiting the effects of researcher bias and setting them aside by demonstrating awareness of potential suppression of research — *NOTE: improve validity of QUALitative research*

Answer 45

* r/t internal validity* — Too much time has passed with long study Changes in the research subjects not due to the intervention, because time has passed — e.g. deterioration of physical characteristics: vision, hearing, taste, memory — e.g. pain relief w/ cancer patient disease is maturing (stage I —> stage III)

Answer 46

— subjects behave in a certain manner because of their exposure to events outside the experiment -- e.g. the occurrence of an actual earthquake during a field study of the effects of training in earthquake preparedness

Answer 47

Biggest effect: sample size Level of accuracy required Number of variables to be studied Variability in the population Magnitude of effect Independence of the data

Answer 48

A style of analysis that uses total immersion in and reflection on the text, usually in personal case reports, especially during case research and ethnography — Researcher is the true analytic tool; investigator be immersed in the data and rely heavily on intuition to arrive at conclusions — Insight might arise during/after data collection —> constant comparison — As analysis is being carried out and conclusions are “crystallizing,” the researcher can better decide how to proceed in further data gathering — Least structured approach for qualitative analysis — Not found often in RN research literature, but still useful in healthcare research — CONS: time-consuming nature, researcher must constantly hold his/her biases at bay

Answer 49

— Must be rigorous and peer-reviewed — Recommendations are clear and easily identified — Patient education must appear in the final guidelines — Implementation considerations — Cost and patient acceptance — Sponsors must have no financial interest in the outcome

Answer 50

_Methods_ IOWA Model The John Hopkins Model Integrating EBP in Magnet Outcomes Focused Knowledge Translation to the Bedside Collaborative Model for Knowledge Translation Community-Based Research Translation Models

Answer 51

— **Phase one:** focus on expert analysis of critical health issues within a community. Address the issue — **Phase two:** Nurses analyze the cause of morbidity and mortality, appraise and choose EB interventions and adapt interventions to the community and develop measures

Answer 52

1. Sources of evidence 2. Patient preferences 3. Context of care 4. Facilitation

Answer 53

Standard normal distribution: mean = 0 and std. deviation = 1 Standard score — Describe the relative position of an observation within a distribution – **z-score** depicts the number of standard deviations above or below the mean an observation falls –Positive z-score: Above the mean –Negative z-score: Below the mean

Answer 54

Summarize descriptive data

Answer 55

**If you see these words..** — Cause = experimental design — Change — Measure an effect — Test a relationship — Predict an outcome — Quantify an occurrence — Describe a phenomenon — Develop theory **..it will lead to this design:** — Experimental design — Correlation — Regression study — Prevalence/Incidence — Qualitative —Qualitative or quantitative

Answer 56

Practice guidelines

Answer 57

_N-O Data_ Frequency table Bar graph Pie chart Relative frequency _I-R Data_ Measures of Central Tendency Histograms Variability Position

Answer 58

Mean: the average of the #s; interval and ratio levels Median: the middle #; applied to ordinal, interval, or ratio level data Mode: division of the highest # subtracted by the lowest #; applied to nominal data

Answer 59

— Broader reviews that allow for the simultaneous inclusion of experimental, non experimental, and comparative studies/research to more fully understand a phenomenon of concern — can be quantitative, qualitative, and comparative studies — Provide a comprehensive understanding of human response to health and illness

Answer 60

Introduction —> Objective —> Methods —> Results —> Conclusions —> Acknowledgments —> References

Answer 61

1. Scoping review 2. Systematic review 3. Integrative review 4. Meta-analysis 5. Meta-synthesis 6. Practice guidelines

Answer 62

1. ID the research ? 2. Search for relevant studies 3. Select studies 4. Chart the data, collate data, and summarize results 5. Report results 6. Consult w/ stakeholders to validate study findings

Answer 63

*cornerstone of EBP* A highly structured and controlled search of the available literature that minimizes the potential for bias and produces a practice recommendation as an outcome — Reduces bias and produces a recommendation — e.g. focus on patient concerns, prevalence of problems, effectiveness of Dx’c procedures

Answer 64

— Statistical aggregate of results from QUANTitative studies so an overall effect size can be evaluated — Sums up the findings of different studies on the same population — Complicated to run and yield complex output — Challenge: to find a sufficient # of studies that used similar populations, measures, and statistics — Able to sum up the interventions on the outcomes — Draw inferences from a sample of studies

Answer 65

— Sums up results from multiple QUALitative studies on a specific/similar phenomenon — The inclusion of multiple sites and samples, and replication of qualitative studies enhances trustworthiness, and therefore, confidence w/ which one can generalize the results — Develops overarching themes about the meaning of human events based on synthesis

Answer 66

What is the background for the review State the review question Develop inclusion and exclusion criteria for the populations, conditions, and settings Devise a search strategy Develop study selection criteria Conduct the review

Answer 67

Research-based recommendations for practices that are graded as mandatory, optional, or supplemental and that may be stated as standards of practice, procedures, or decision algorithms — developed by group of clinical experts who are convened by a professional or academic body

Answer 68

Use of objective criteria reduces bias Multiple studies enhance the credibility of recommendations Structured approach to the selection and evaluation of studies Produces a practice recommendation as an outcome

Answer 69

Translating research

Answer 70

Translating research to implement

Research FINAL EXAM Flashcards

(99 cards)