research in PT lecure 2

Question 1

what is the manipulated variable

Answer 1

independent

Question 2

what is the measure variable

Answer 2

dependent

Question 3

what is • A variable that could influence the outcome of the study.

Answer 3

confounding variable

Question 4

Example: You are comparing two different hydrogel dressings on partial thickness burn injury healing times.
IV:
DV:
Confounding:

Answer 4

IV:type of hydrogel dressing

DV: healing time
Confounding: cause of burn, co-morbidities, patient adherence, etc.

Question 5

what type of research tests theories using numbers

Answer 5

quantitative

Question 6

what is considered the “traditional method” of research

Answer 6

quantitative

Question 7

what research is a precise measurement

Answer 7

quantitative

Question 8

what research tests theories using language

Answer 8

qualitative

Question 9

what research focuses on broad descriptions and understanding
complex phenomenon without direct manipulation

Answer 9

qualitative

Question 10

what research is subject selection purposeful not random

Answer 10

qualitative

Question 11

what research is typical done via interview

Answer 11

qualitative

Question 12

which research has no control or manipulation of IV

Answer 12

qualitative

Question 13

what type of research is One or a few participants are measured many times in order to better understand the
process.

Answer 13

single subject

Question 14

what type of hypothesis statement is usually included in a manuscript

Answer 14

scientific/alternative

Question 15

what is the one of the key factors affecting the way you analyze the data

Answer 15

the level of data

Question 16

what are the 4 levels of data

Answer 16

nominal scale

ordinal scale

interval scale

ratio scale

Question 17

what scale is an unordered set of categories identified only by name. ____ measurements only permit you to determine whether two individuals are the same or
different.

Answer 17

nominal scale

Question 18

what scale is an ordered set of categories.

Answer 18

orfinal

Question 19

Ordinal measurements tell you the
direction of ___ between two individuals.

Answer 19

difference

Question 20

what is measurements identify the direction and magnitude of a difference.

Answer 20

interval

Question 21

what scale is the zero point actually a value of zero

Answer 21

ratio

Question 22

Ex/ gender, disease category

these are what levels of variables

Answer 22

nominal

Question 23

Ex/ no help, some help, independent

what level of variable is this

Answer 23

ordinal

Question 24

what 2 variables are considered qualitative data

Answer 24

nominal and ordinal

Question 25

what variable is considered quantitative data

Answer 25

interval/ ration variables

Question 26

 Number of feet  Temperature  Range of motion  ml  LOS these are examples of what variable

Answer 26

interval/ ration

Question 27

quantitative data is ____ statistics

Answer 27

parametric

Question 28

what is the descriptive stats for quantitative data (parametric stats)

Answer 28

means median mode

Question 29

what is the association questions for quantitative data (parametric stats)

Answer 29

pearson’s correlations

Question 30

what is the difference questions for quantitative data (parametric stats)

Answer 30

t-test and ANOVA

Question 31

what is the descriptive stats for qualititative data or quantitative data that doesn’t meet assumptions (non parametric stats)

Answer 31

median and mode NO MEAN

Question 32

what is the association questions for qualititative data or quantitative data that doesn’t meet assumptions (non parametric stats)

Answer 32

spearman’s correlations

Question 33

what is the difference questions for qualititative data or quantitative data that doesn’t meet assumptions (non parametric stats)

Answer 33

Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney, Friedman, Kruskal-Wallis

Question 34

• ROM • Sex • Zip Codes • Likert scales: Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree • Gait Speed • MMT grades • NPRS – pain rated from 0-10 interval , ordinal , nominal

Answer 34

• ROM- I • Sex- N • Zip Codes- N • Likert scales: Strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree- O • Gait Speed- I • MMT grades- O • NPRS – pain rated from 0-10- O

Question 35

what kind of research study is a RCT

Answer 35

experimental

Question 36

Surveys Retrospective data (with no comparative or relationship analyses) Normative Qualitative these are all types of which research study

Answer 36

descriptive

Question 37

Correlational/Predictive Methodological these are examples of what type of research studies

Answer 37

exploratory

Question 38

what kind of data is previously collected data again and no analyses are done

Answer 38

retrospective

Question 39

which data is There are no statistical analyses looking for differences or relationships

Answer 39

descriptive

Question 40

what data is Analysis of interview responses in order to discover themes

Answer 40

qualitative

Question 41

what is the Relationships between outcome measures: 6MWT/2MWT

Answer 41

correlational

Question 42

what studies do not use a manipulated independent variable to differentiate the groups. Instead, the variable that differentiates the groups is usually a pre- existing participant variable (Dx A vs Dx B) or a time variable (such as pre/post).

Answer 42

quasi experimental

Question 43

what level is set in advance

Answer 43

alpha level

Question 44

what is the P value determined by

Answer 44

the outcome of the statistical analysis

Question 45

what is the alpha level usually set at and what does it mean

Answer 45

.05 so there is a 5% risk of committing a type 1 error

Question 46

define the P value

Answer 46

the actual probability that the results occurred just bc of sampling error

Question 47

if the P value is less than .05 you __ the null hypothesis

Answer 47

reject

Question 48

what is the best design to maximize internal validity

Answer 48

RCT

Question 49

what interval validity is it when you ask Did something happen between pre and post testing to change the results?

Answer 49

history

Question 50

what interval validity is it when you ask “Did the participants change over time? Ex/ Children. Disease recovery.”

Answer 50

maturation

Question 51

what interval validity is it when you ask “Who dropped out and why?”

Answer 51

attrition/ mortality

Question 52

what interval validity is it when you ask “Did repeated testing change the outcome?”

Answer 52

repeated testing

Question 53

what interval validity is it when you ask” Did the measurement tool change? Need calibration?”

Answer 53

instrumentation

Question 54

what interval validity is it when Groups with initial extreme scores tend to regress towards the mean

Answer 54

regression to the mean

Question 55

what interval validity is it when the Researcher is biased and influences the outcome

Answer 55

experimenter bias

Question 56

what interval validity is it when the Researcher is biased and influences the outcome

Answer 56

experimenter bias

Question 57

what interval validity is it when you ask “ Did the groups differ in key ways? Did the sample not represent the population”

Answer 57

selection

Question 58

what is construct validity

Answer 58

study 1 thing but measuring something different

Question 59

what validity need to be specific enough to find a difference but not too specific that it is not generalizable…

Answer 59

external validity

Question 60

what is error rate type 1

Answer 60

rejecting null when shouldn’t

Question 61

what is error rate type 2

Answer 61

fail to reject when shoudl have

Question 62

which error rate is worse

Answer 62

type 1 bc it is basically saying something is different when it isn’t

Question 63

statistical concussion validity has excessive ____ of DV

Answer 63

variability

Question 64

The entire group of individuals of interest is called

Answer 64

population

Question 65

when is a sample selected

Answer 65

when the populations are so large

Question 66

what is systematic sampling

Answer 66

selecting ppl in a certain order ex: selects every 20th student on a list

Question 67

what is stratified sampling

Answer 67

the sample frame is divided into parts or sections ex: randomly select 10 students from every program

Question 68

what is cluster sampling

Answer 68

the sample frame is divided into part or sections but ONLY certain parts or sections are used

Question 69

are all members of the parts or sections sampled in cluster sampling

Answer 69

yes

Question 70

what sampling is the members of the sample frame volunteer or self selected .. Examples: Internet polls, mailed surveys that need to be filled out and returned.

Answer 70

convenience sampling

Question 71

what is considered the least reliable and therefore th least desirable method of sampling but easiest

Answer 71

convenience sampling

Question 72

The discrepancy between a sample statistic and its population parameter is called

Answer 72

sampling error

Question 73

Defining and measuring sampling error is a large part of ____ statistics.

Answer 73

inferential

Question 74

____ is the chance of finding a significant difference if there is one to be found.

Answer 74

power

Question 75

what is power affected by

Answer 75

if effect size goes up …. power goes up number of participants go up … power goes up

Question 76

what is cohen’s D a common measure of

Answer 76

effect size

Question 77

what does Cohens D the different between

Answer 77

difference in 2 means dividied by the pooled standard deviation

Question 78

in general if there is a larger difference in the groups it means ____ effect size L

Answer 78

larger

Question 79

___ variability …. larger effect size

Answer 79

less

Question 80

Interpretation of Cohen’s d (effect size) values: D= .2 d=.5 d=.8

Answer 80

small med karate