Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

RESEARCH > research lecture 3 > Flashcards

research lecture 3 Flashcards

(90 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what level of evidence is a RCT

A

1B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is the chart of the research design and outcome assessment ussuially found in the manuscript

A

methods : procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

using ____ you can calculate how many participants you need to recruit

A

G*power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

if the authors powe is .8 what does that mean

A

80% chance that there is a chance to finding the difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

if the p value is closer to alpha then what does that mean ? (alpha is .05)

A

that there is a less significant that there will be a difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

you should never see power below what number

A

.8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are ways to increase power

A

-increase the number of participants
-decrease the variability of data by limiting people in the study
-make alpha level larger
-make effect size bigger by making difference of means bigger or make SD smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where do you find the consort diagram in the article

A

procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why is t-test not the best analysis

A

bc it requires you to divide your alpha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what kind of research design is it when participants are randomly assigned to at least two comparison groups

A

experimental (random)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what type of research design is it when there is no random assignment and typically involve the use of cohort groups

A

quasi - experimental (not random)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is considered key for true experimental design

A

randomization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Some researchers consider “____ ” designs as better than having a control group since the participants serve as their own controls.

A

repeated measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what measure compares 1 group over 2+ time periods

A

one way repeated measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what research design handout is when the control group can be different intervention or standard of care … or simple compare without any intervention but the study sample is randomized

A

posttest only randomized group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what research design handout is when the control group can be different intervention or standard of care … or simple compare without any intervention but the study sample is in cohort groups

A

posttest only non randomized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what research design handout is - with or without randomization into groups , there are different participants in each cell

A

factorial fully independent (2+ IVs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does a 2x2 ANOVA tell you

A

there is 2 IV and they both have 2 pieces that go into them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what research design handout is - the subjects participate in every cell

A

factorial fully repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is with or without randomization , groups of subjects move thru the repeated conditions

A

factorial mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does a 2x3 mixed ANOVA mean

A

there are 2 IVs one with 2 levels and one with 3 that is repeated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the most common ANOVA

A

mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is crossover with or without randomization

A

when at one point there is a switch in intervention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what provide the foundations for evaluating test , their uses and interpretations

A

measurement theory AKA psychometrics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the 2 most fundamental measurement theory concepts
reliability and validity
26
what study is any research study that investigates the reliability and/or validity of clinical and research measure
methodological study
27
what is the operational definition included in
the manuscript
28
variables such as aggression , cognition, pain , self esteem , strength , coordination etc must be specifically define in research .. what is this called
operational definition
29
what is the amount of change in an instrument that is beyond error
MDC- minimally detectable change
30
what is the amount for change in an instrument that results in a clinically relevant change in the pateint
MCID- minimal clinically important different
31
what is consider the consistency or the degree of association or covariation between 2 variables
reliability
32
when will reliability by high
if there is relative agreement between two varibale
33
what is the accuracy or the degree of correspondence between the concept being measrue and the varibale used to presents the concept
validity
34
when is an instrument considered valid
when the test actually measures what it is intended to measure
35
can the instrument be reliable without being valid >??? can it be valid without being reliable
yes and no bc if it isn’t reliable it wouldn’t be measuring the concept well
36
what is the difference between inter tester and intra tester
inter tester is seeing if different testers can get the same score and intra tester is seeing if the same tester can get the same score
37
what are the 2 different test retest reliability
seeing if successive measurements can be done by a instrument consistently seeing if successive measurements by a patient can be consistent
38
what is also called equivalent forms reliability
parallel forms reliability
39
what type of reliability does this explain … Questions (from a test or a survey) are divided into two equivalent sets (forms). The two sets of questions are given to the same sample of people (at the same time or nearly the same time) and the reliability between the sets is calculated.
parallel forms reliability
40
what reliablity does this describe …The questions (from a test or a survey) are split into two sets…and both sets are given to one group of individuals
split half reliability
41
what is face validity asking
does an instrument measure what it is supposed to measure based on simple observation?
42
in expert panels for face validity , there is typically no ___ ____
statistical analysis
43
what validity is The systematic examination of an instrument to determine whether it covers the entire domain to be measured
content validity
44
if we ask does an IQ questionnaire have items covering all areas of intelligence discussed in the scientific literature?… what type of validity is it
content
45
what is the key difference between face and content validity
face is what it appears to measure and vontent is what experts agree it measures
46
what validity is defined as Can an instrument be used to predict some future performance/outcome
predictive validity
47
this is an example of what kind of validity … Ex/ Berg Balance Scale: Score of < 45 indicates individuals may be at greater risk of falling
predictive
48
what validity is the degree to which a theoretical construct is measured by an instrument.
construct validity
49
what validity is this an exmaple of x Ex/ Factor Analysis – statistical analysis of a survey that gives you the various factors that are represented in an instrument.
construct
50
what validly is The extent to which significant changes in the participants are reflected in substantive changes in observed values
responsiveness to change
51
if you have a tool with these options : dependent , requires assistance and Ind is it considered responsive to change
no
52
if you have a tool with these options : rate your ability from 0-10 if it going to be responsive to change
yes
53
what is criterion validity
comparing the new tool to the gold standard
54
what is considered a true positive rate
sensitivity
55
if a person has a disease or condition what will sensitivity tell you
how often the test will be positive
56
what type of test LOVES to give positive test results
high sensitive test
57
does sensitivity rule in or out
rule out
58
if you have a high sensitive test and u have a negative test result what is the probability that you have the disease
you don’t have the disease it has been ruled out
59
what is a true negative rate
specificity
60
a high specific test loves to give a ___ result
negative
61
so if you have a high specific test and you get. a positive test result what does that men
it is highly likely you are positive , the test is ruled in
62
does specificity rule in or out
in
63
what is a true positive and false positive
true positive is if you have the conditions and the test is positive false positive is if the test says you have the condition but you actually done (type 1 error)
64
what is the different between true negative and false negative
true negative is when you don’t have the condition and you test negative false negative i when you test negative but you are positive for condition *type 2 erroe*
65
how do you find the sensitivity
true positive / condition positive (true positive + false negative \)
66
how do you find the specificity
true negotiate / condition negative (false postive + true negative)
67
what does positive predictive value mean
tells us the probability that a person with a positive clinical test truly has the condition
68
what does a negative predictive value tell us
the portability that a person with a negative clinical test truly doesn’t have the disease
69
how do you find the positive predictive value
true postive / test outcome postive (true positive + false positive)
70
how do you find th negative predictive value
true negative / test outcome negative (false negative + true negative)
71
what happens to the postive predictive value as the prevalence of the disease in a population increases
it increases
72
negative predictive value will do what as the prevalence of the disease in the population decease
increases
73
what is one of the hallmarks of clinical decision making
likelihood rations
74
for positive likelihood ratio is it better lower or higher
higher
75
how do you find the positive LR
sensitivity / (100- specificity)
76
which likelihood ration is the the lower the better
negative
77
how do you find negative LR
(100- sensitivity) / specificity
78
if what is the positive LR quality numbe4rs
10 is the best 5 is ok 2 is poor 1 is useless
79
what is the negative LR quality numbers
1 is useless .5 is poor .2 is ok .1 is best
80
if the LR+ is a 2 how much does it increase percent wise
15%
81
if the LR+ is a 5 how much does it increase percent wise
30
82
if the LR+ is a 10 how much does it increase percent wise
45
83
if the LR- is a .5 how much does it increase percent wise
15
84
if the LR- is a .2 how much does it increase percent wise
30
85
if the LR- is a .1 how much does it increase percent wise
45
86
what is a way to visually combine sensitivity and specificity
ROC curves
87
in the ROC curve what is on the vertical axis and horixational axis
plots sensitivity on vertical and plots (1- specificity) on horizontal axis
88
if you are looking at the ROC curve and u see an increased are under the line what does that represent
high sensitivity anf specificity
89
what number do we what the are under the red line (AUC) to be
higher to 1 the better
90
for the best test what would you want one theron curve
low specificity and number sensitivity

RESEARCH (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions