research meth 2

Question 1

Simple random sampling

Answer 1

entirely random

Question 2

Stratified sampling

Answer 2

population divided intro groups, stratas, (age, gender, income) choose people equally from different groups

Question 3

Systematic sampling

Answer 3

people selected at regular intervals from sampling frame

Question 4

Cluster sampling

Answer 4

Population divided into groups (schools, cities, countries), choose people equally from these groups

Question 5

Multistage Cluster sampling

Answer 5

Population divided into large clusters, select some of them and divide them into smaller sub clusters, choose from these small groups

Question 6

Convenience sampling

Answer 6

easiest method, researcher chooses participants based on availability and willingness to take part, sample may not be representative

Question 7

Quota sampling

Answer 7

often used by marketing researcher eg. 20 man and 20 women

Question 8

Judgment/ Purposive sampling

Answer 8

relies on judgment of researcher when choosing the participants

Question 9

Snowball sampling

Answer 9

existing participants nominate further candidates

Question 10

Population

Answer 10

every one of the units the researcher has elected to study eg. every driver in US

Question 11

Census

Answer 11

study of the whole population

Question 12

Sample

Answer 12

selected segment of population to represent it

Question 13

sampling frame

Answer 13

lists from which probability sample is selected

Question 14

sampling units

Answer 14

units selected for the study

Question 15

Reliability

Answer 15

same results with different coder under the same conditions

Question 16

Validity

Answer 16

whether we measure what we wanted to measure

Question 17

Accuracy

Answer 17

Is the measurement free of bias and errors

Question 18

External Validity

Answer 18

to what extent do the results hold in
different setting can we generalize the results?

Question 18

Precision

Answer 18

How precise was the measurement

Question 19

Internal validity

Answer 19

extent to which a study can establish cause- effect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. without suspecting influence of external factors

Question 20

Ecological validity

Answer 20

to what extent do the results hold in the real world?

Question 21

Face validity

Answer 21

does the measurement of the construct seem ok

Question 22

Content validity

Answer 22

examines whether a test fully represents the concept

Question 23

Criterion vallidity

Answer 23

how well the test correlates with an external standard/ outcome

Question 24

Construct validity

Answer 24

does the test truly measure the theoretical concept it's supposed to

Question 25

Categorical variables (qualitative)

Answer 25

binary variables- two categories dead/alive nominal variables- more than 2 variables (vegan/vegetarian/meateater) ordinal variable- nominal variables in logical order (bachelor/master/PHD)

Question 26

Continuous variables (quantitative)

Answer 26

Internal variables-equal intervals on the scale, between variables represent equal differences Ratio variable- same as interval, but ratios of scores must make sense

Question 27

Cohen's kappa

Answer 27

establishes reliability of nominal and ordinal

Question 28

Pearson's

Answer 28

establishes reliability of interval and ratio

Question 29

Cronbach's alpha

Answer 29

determines if questions in a survey measure the same underlying concept 0.7 or more is acceptable, 0.8 or more is good

Question 30

Cross sectional survey

Answer 30

measures data at one point in time

Question 31

longitudinal

Answer 31

measures data multiple times over a period

Question 32

Trend study

Answer 32

tracks different people from the same population across time

Question 33

Panel study

Answer 33

tracks the same people across time

Question 34

leading question

Answer 34

suggests a "correct" answer

Question 35

double barelled question

Answer 35

ask two questions in one

Question 36

negative wording

Answer 36

including negation can confuse the respondents

Question 37

ambiguous questions

Answer 37

use of vague questions

Question 38

problems in survey response rates

Answer 38

low response rates non response bias- people who dont respond are different self selection bias- people with strong opinions participate more survey fatigue- people get bored