Research Methods 1/2

Question 1

What did Plato say about the soul?

Answer 1

It has 3 parts: rational, ambitious, appetitive

Question 2

What did Freud say about the soul?

Answer 2

It has 3 parts: superego, ego, id

Question 3

What are 3 issues with Freud?

Answer 3

theories reliant on case studies
theories are not testable
unconscious process cannot be observed

Question 4

What did Skinner believe in?

Answer 4

Behaviourism: emphasised the importance of consequences of behaviour in determining its likelihood of repetition

Question 5

What is ‘empty organism psychology’?

Answer 5

No internal processes or theoretical constructs are used to explain behaviour

Question 6

How did Tolman&Honzik prove empty organism psychology wrong?

Answer 6

proved mice ‘learnt’ a maze to get food but learning also occurred without a reward - organism is therefore not that ‘empty’

Question 7

Explain Christian Hughes’ Hypothetico-deductive model

Answer 7

Theory –> hypothesis –> empirical test –> results –> theory etc.

Question 8

What must be given by every participant in an experiment?

Answer 8

Consent

Question 9

What must be done if deception is used in an experiment?

Answer 9

The participants must be fully debriefed after the experiment is over

Question 10

What is an independent variable?

Answer 10

The variable the experimenter changes

Question 11

What is a dependent variable?

Answer 11

The variable the experimenter measures

Question 12

What is within-subject design?

Answer 12

The same set of participants undergo all treatments

Question 13

What are the benefits and downfalls of within-subject design?

Answer 13

individual characteristics ‘even out’
fewer participants needed to recruit
order effects can interfere with results

Question 14

What is between-subject design?

Answer 14

Different participants take part under each condition

Question 15

What are the benefits and downfalls of between-subject design?

Answer 15

avoid order effects
quicker and can be simpler
individual differences are not controlled for - esp. sig. if small pool of participants

Question 16

What is the general order of a practical report?

Answer 16

Title, abstract, introduction, methods (participants, material, design, procedure), results, discussion, references , appendices

Question 17

What tense should practical reports be written in?

Answer 17

Past tense

Question 18

What person should practical reports be written in?

Answer 18

3rd person

Question 19

What is the purpose of descriptive statistics?

Answer 19

To enable the summary of data - identify the average and distribution

Question 20

What is the purpose of inferential statistics?

Answer 20

Make inferences about the likelihood of findings occurring

Question 21

What is the mean? What are the positives and negatives of it?

Answer 21

It is the sum of all the values divided by the number of values recorded
It is a good measure of central tendency
Is very susceptible to outliers

Question 22

What is the median? What are the positives and negatives of it?

Answer 22

The central value of a set of numbers
Unaffected by extreme values
Less sensitive than the mean

Question 23

What is the mode? What are the positives and negatives of it?

Answer 23

The most common value in a data set
Shows the most important value in the data set
Not useful for small data sets or those without reoccurring values

Question 24

What does it mean if a mode is bi-modal?

Answer 24

There are two numbers that occur equally frequently

Question 25

What is interval data? What should be used to measure the average?

Answer 25

data measured on a scale | Use the mean

Question 26

Whats ordinal data? What should be used to measure the average?

Answer 26

categorical data | Use the median

Question 27

What is nominal data? What should be used to measure the average?

Answer 27

labeled variables without quantitative value | Use the mode

Question 28

What is the range?

Answer 28

The distance between the highest and lowest value

Question 29

What is dispersion?

Answer 29

A measure of the distribution of values in a data set around the central tendency

Question 30

What is standard deviation?

Answer 30

A measure of the variance or dispersion of a data set

Question 31

What is true 0?

Answer 31

The point that represents total absence of the phenomenon

Question 32

What sort of data do pie charts use?

Answer 32

Nominal

Question 33

What sort of data do bar charts use?

Answer 33

Nominal

Question 34

What sort of data do histograms use?

Answer 34

Ordinal

Question 35

What sort of data do line graphs use?

Answer 35

Ordinal

Question 36

What sort of data do scatter graphs use?

Answer 36

Interval/Ratio data

Question 37

What's the maximum number of authors you can you cite in text?

Answer 37

5

Question 38

Give the 5 ways you can conduct research

Answer 38

``` naturalistic observation case studies surveys correlational research experimental research ```

Question 39

What is internal validity?

Answer 39

Whether the inferences made by researchers are correct

Question 40

What is external validity?

Answer 40

Can the conclusions of a study be generalised to other contexts or settings

Question 41

What is the Pygmalion effect?

Answer 41

self-fulfilling prophecy based on the experimenter's desires

Question 42

Give 4 examples of internal invalidity

Answer 42

experimenter bias participant bias placebo effect regression to the mean

Question 43

Give 4 examples of external invalidity

Answer 43

participant selection not random | discussion discusses only one possible answer to the results

Question 44

What is skew?

Answer 44

Where data shows more than the usual proportion of observations at one end of the scale

Question 45

What is negative skew of a normal distribution?

Answer 45

a left skew, meaning the tail in on the left

Question 46

What is a positive skew of normal distribution?

Answer 46

a right skew, meaning the til is on the right

Question 47

Where are the mean, median and mode on a skewed distribution?

Answer 47

mode is at the peak mean is near the end of the tail (extreme) median is in the middle of the two

Question 48

Where are the mean, median and mode on a normal distribution?

Answer 48

In the centre of the graph

Question 49

What % of the normal distribution falls within 1SD of the mean?

Answer 49

68.2%

Question 50

Which out of mean, median and mode is most susceptible to skewedness?

Answer 50

The mean

Question 51

What is kurtosis?

Answer 51

a measure of peakedness of a distribution

Question 52

What is a leptokurtic distribution?

Answer 52

A very peaked graph of distribution

Question 53

What is a platykurtic distribution?

Answer 53

A fairly flat graph of distribution

Question 54

What do skew and kurtosis indicate?

Answer 54

Some sort of bias

Question 55

What is a mesokurtic distribution?

Answer 55

centrally distributed graph

Question 56

How do you calculate the z score from a raw score?

Answer 56

(raw score - sample mean)/ standard deviation

Question 57

What sort of plot can you use to find outliers?

Answer 57

Box and whisker plots

Question 58

How do you find mild outliers?

Answer 58

Using the lower and upper inner fences

Question 59

How do you find extreme outliers?

Answer 59

Using the lower and upper outer fences

Question 60

What does the Z score tell us?

Answer 60

How many standard deviations from the mean a score is

Question 61

How do you cite a quotation?

Answer 61

Author, year, page number

Question 62

How do you cite a secondary source?

Answer 62

author, year, as cited in authors, year

Question 63

How many z scores are used to find outliers in a data set?

Answer 63

3